The Ethical Principles of Islam Essay - 1454 Words

The Ethical Principles of Islam Most religions have similar ethical principles and beliefs on the value and nature of human life; however this essay will be focusing on one religion in particular, Islam. Islam’s main principles about the human life are quite similar to the other religions, and the fact that life is sacred. This underpins all issues dealing with medical ethics such as Abortion and Euthanasia. Muslims believe that all human life is sacred because it is given by Allah, and that Allah chooses how long each person will live. Human beings should not interfere in this, which is why Islam would most definitely favour sanctity of life over quality of life, as the Islamic view is†¦show more content†¦There are many other quotes from the Qu’ran which support the argument of the sacredness of life. If anyone kills a person - unless it be for murder or spreading mischief in the land- it would be as if he killed the whole people. (Quran 5.32) When their time comes they cannot delay it for a single hour nor can they bring it forward by a single hour. (Quran 16.61) And no person can ever die except by Allahs leave and at an appointed term. (Quran 3.145) Destroy not yourselves. Surely Allah is ever merciful to you. (Quran 4.29) There is a vast amount of emphasis put on the sacredness of human life, and how it should be protected at all times, however Islam permits killing, under very strict circumstances, in a â€Å"war† called â€Å"Jihad†, and is often mistranslated to mean ‘holy war’, however its true meaning can be anything from an inward spiritual struggle to attain perfect faith to a political or military struggle to further the Islamic cause. The Prophet Muhammad has given clear instructions about the behaviour of the Muslim army. HeShow MoreRelatedThe Islamic Ethical Principles Of Euthanasia Essay1419 Words   |  6 PagesHOW DOES ISLAM RESPOND TO EUTHANASIA? 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Media Bias Free Essays

On September 11, 2001, the citizens of the United States witnessed a horrific attack on two symbolic buildings in New York City. These tragic events have galvanized the creation and implementation of a myriad of prejudicial and unconstitutional policies designed to provide the illusion of national security while simultaneous creating more instability and animosity between the West and the Middle East. In the wake of 9/11, a multitude of Americans have been overtaken by hysteria and fear. We will write a custom essay sample on Media Bias or any similar topic only for you Order Now These emotional responses have been generated and intensified by the virtually unanimous Islamophobic propaganda that has been perpetuated by the main stream media. As a result of the media’s anti-Islam campaign, Americans have been persuaded to distrust Muslims, instinctively categorize Muslims as terrorist or potential terrorist, as well as sacrifice essential civil liberties. Scapegoating theorist may argue that this portrayal of Arabs and Muslims is one of the ways the U. S. overnment is attempting to blame this group of individuals for the economic and societal woes that plague 21st-century-America. In addition, many would argue that decades of excessive Western consumption, along with globalization have contributed to a complicated, unjust, and turbulent geopolitical and economic climate, which has created a Western need for Middle Eastern dominance. Regardless of their true motives, we can clearly witness the media’s hostile categorization of Arabs and Muslims as predominately terroristic or potentially terroristic. The New York Post published a cartoon depicting two Muslims, who are complaining to the Associated Press about the NYPD conducting surveillance of their apartment while they are simultaneously constructing IED’s. The suspects are also surrounded by other weapons, as well as ammunition, and contraband. This cartoon exemplifies prejudice, discrimination, and racial profiling, which contribute to a national hostility toward Arabs and animosity between ethnicities and social classes. The ensuing tensions that foment as a result of the media’s propaganda campaign provoke more instability and violence into American society. Further complicating American culture is the increasing number of Arabs and Muslims who are immigrating to the New World. For years, the United States has accepted refugees from various tumultuous Middle Eastern territories, which are suffering from perpetual cultural and political chaos. Unfortunately, while many are granted refugee status, they are also facing political and religious persecution in America. The influx of Arabs into the United States and the terror hysteria created by the main stream media has spawned a new era of nativist xenophobia. Richard T. Schaefer reports the frequent stereotypical portrayal of Arabs and Muslims in the media in Racial and Ethnic Groups Census Update. The author states that, â€Å"rarely are Arab and Muslim Americans shown doing â€Å"normal† behavior such as shopping, attending a sporting event, or just eating without a subtext of terrorism lurking literally in the shadows† (Schaefer, 296). This pervasive and persistent misrepresentation of Arabs and Muslims has intensified and propagated the animosity most Americans have toward this group. In addition to presenting Muslims in a derogatory manner, the cartoon also attempts to justify the necessity of sacrificing civil liberties for supposed security. This cartoon asserts that the NYPD is conducting surveillance because it is instrumental for securing the U. S. and preserving Western civilization as we know it. In this cartoon, the NYPD may be viewed as an exemplary entity employed in the â€Å"War on Terror† and New York City may represent all major cities in the United States, or the United States as a whole. This cartoon demonstrates the media’s attempt to guide public opinion toward accepting the increasingly aggressive behavior of the police and the state department by exaggerating instances of terror plots on American soil, as well as fabricating instances of governmental counter-terror success. A large faction of the media attempts to portray the majority of Arabs as terrorist, and would argue that cities are vulnerable targets of these diabolical individuals. As a result of this propaganda, Americans are lulled into slowly forfeiting their inalienable rights while obtaining a deceiving feeling of safety. The media is a powerful force contributing to the ebbs and flows of social norms and cultural opinion. The aforementioned cartoon provides an example of the media’s efforts to persuade the public and control the masses. How to cite Media Bias, Papers

Technology Research Research Significance and Innovation

Question: Discuss about theTechnology Researchfor Research Significance and Innovation. Answer: Introduction The research paper of cloud computing providing help or benefits to small and medium sized business as it is creating a new strategic market. The research study is significant as the small businesses face several issues such as high cost, risk, inefficiency and various others which can be resolved using cloud computing. This research study shall help in analyzing the benefits or advantages cloud computing provides to the small and medium sized business. This research shall provide awareness of cloud computing as improving ICT technical knowledge which would eventually automate business operations. This research shall prove beneficial for educational change as the academicians can continually adapt to a world requiring continuous technological innovation. This research study shall help in enhancing the technical capability of the small and medium sized companies. The entrepreneurs can use this research study to reduce their IT expenses, operational costs, process efficiency and mainte nance expenditure (Kshetri 2013). The research study of cloud computing providing help or benefits to small and medium sized business shall be beneficial to both societies and industries. In the IT field, cloud computing is considered as the future. For the small and medium-enterprises to grow bigger and grow effectively, the companies need to adapt to technological innovations. This research study shall discuss the benefits such as cost effectiveness, remote accessibility, security and collaboration (Gupta, Seetharaman and Raj 2013). Cloud computing research shall prove the most beneficial for small and medium enterprises as it shall enable people to take advantage of clouds reliability, availability, flexibility, security and scalability rather than relying on additional software or hardware. It is important to resolve the problems faced by small and medium sized organizations regarding space, power or software updates. The features of the technology promises a support to internal applications as it shall allow the users to access their files anywhere and anytime. Cloud computing allows the users with the ease of collaboration in which they can save and access files from the same master document (Safari et al. 2015) The proposed research project of expanding the benefits and gains that could be experienced by the small and medium sized organizations is innovative in nature. Upon conducting research, it was observed that the existing or previous literature mainly focuses on the security issues and other applications as a whole. The previous literature combines the explosive growth of mobile applications and cloud computing. The research shall provide arguments and evaluations for multiple enterprises who have adopted the technology. The current study shall lay emphasis specifically on the small and medium sized organizations. The decision points for adopting could computing in small and medium organizations shall be examined thoroughly. Additionally, the research is innovative as the factors influencing the adoption of cloud computing and the benefits of security it can provide to the small and medium organizations can help in resolving privacy concerns. This paper shall help in comparison the ad vantages, drawbacks and risks based on the literature review (Lin and Chen 2012). References Gupta, P., Seetharaman, A. and Raj, J., 2013. The usage and adoption of cloud computing by small and medium businesses.International Journal of Information Management, [online] 33(5), pp.861-874. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026840121300087X. Kshetri, N., 2013. Privacy and security issues in cloud computing: The role of institutions and institutional evolution.Telecommunications Policy, [online] 37(4-5), pp.372-386. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308596112000717. Lin, A. and Chen, N., 2012. Cloud computing as an innovation: Percepetion, attitude, and adoption.International Journal of Information Management, [online] 32(6), pp.533-540. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0268401212000539. Safari, F., Safari, N., Hasanzadeh, A. and Ghatari, A., 2015. Factors affecting the adoption of cloud computing in small and medium enterprises.IJBIS, [online] 20(1), p.116. Available at: https://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/abs/10.1504/IJBIS.2015.070894.

Structural Family Therapy

Model Description Among the existing variety of therapies for a family, it is hard to define the most appropriate or the less effective because every family is unique, and its members face different problems and misunderstandings. In the current paper, one of the family therapy models, the structural family therapy by Salvador Minuchin, will be discussed. Its historical background, some facts from the developer’s life, and different aspects of the theory will be analyzed to make the evaluation of the case study within the frames of the chosen model possible.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Structural Family Therapy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Historical Background Structural family therapy (SFT) is one of the available models of treatment offered to all members of a family on the basis of the possible structural change and communication within a family. It was developed in the middle of the 1970s by one of the brightest representatives of the Philadelphian Child Guidance Clinic, Salvador Minuchin. His physician experience in the army in Israel and the work with children in New York helped to understand that personal problems are based on a family and the philosophies inherent to it. The Israel families turned out to be a good example for Minuchin on how a variety of cultures and interests may be gathered in one certain community that has to follow the order and mind the traditions around. Another historical perspective from Minuchin’s like comes from his childhood. As a son in a Jewish family during the 1920s, who had to live in a unique Argentina, Minuchin faced the necessity to learn different rules and truths and add them to the life of his own (Prochaska Norcross, 2013). In fact, his life was not only about the challenges. The existed cultural diversity helped Minuchin to realize that every person has to perform his/her own role and be ready to change it in acco rdance with the demands set by society. His practice at the Wiltwyck School for Boys opened a number of perspectives with the help of which Minuchin (in a company of several colleagues) started to develop some new approaches to family therapy and offered problematic boys the ideas of how to improve their lives (Miller, 2011). A chance to work with children and their families proved the idea that family therapy had to be based on trust and loyalty to the ideas; and the role of a therapist should not be only as a mentor or teacher but be a good advisor, a coach, who could implement the changes and participate in the process at the same time. Salvador Minuchin In fact, the life of Salvador Minuchin may serve as a good explanation of his structural family therapy and general intentions to help people around through the work with a whole family. Minuchin raised in a Russian-Jewish family in Argentina. The necessity to combine different traditions and perform the roles according to the ex pectations of the others was obvious (Miller, 2011).Advertising Looking for case study on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Being deeply impressed by the works of Jean-Jacque Rousseau about the delinquents and their place in society, he made a decision to connect his life with psychology in some way. He entered the medical university and united his education with politics opposing the ideas of Juan Peron, the head of the majority of Argentina’s institutions. With time, he moved to Israel and worked with oppressed children using his own experience in combining rules and traditions. The American practice in the sphere of psychiatry provided him with the necessary amount of knowledge. The works by Harry Stack Sullivan made Minuchin pay more attention to family therapy on the basis the troubled youth (Miller, 2011). Within a short period of time, he was ready to introduce a new theory of how to help families and d ivide their functions in a proper way. It was structural family therapy. Therapist’s Role In family therapy, a therapist can perform a number of roles from being a leader in the relations to guide every action properly to stay a third-party observant making notes and conclusions (Simon, 2012). One of the peculiar features of SFT is the attention to the therapist and his/her role in the process. According to this theory, the therapist remains to be an active participant as he/she is responsible for the implementation of the changes in a family and the process of restructuring itself. Due to his own experience, Minuchin underlines the fact that any therapist has to respect each family’s culture and underline its uniqueness; this is why it is an obligatory task for the therapist to gather some information before therapy takes place (Minuchin Fishman, 2009). It is necessary to clear up what each member find the best for a family and how it is possible to unite their inter ests within one community that is called a family.  The therapist has to help every family member and explain how they can establish healthy relations and consider their own skills and interests. It is possible for the therapist to use some physical objects and moves to achieve better results of a therapeutic process (Jones-Smith, 2014). In general, SFT presupposes the role of the therapist being important indeed, and Minuchin makes everything possible to explain what and when a professional counselor has to do.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Structural Family Therapy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Essence of the Theory of Change One of the primary SFT characteristics is the possibility to describe family problems and offer solutions with the help of â€Å"spatial and organizational metaphors† (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2012). These techniques promote the required portion of a change in any family organization and structure. The only important requirement that has to be considered is that the change should take place before all symptoms are relieved because the way of how a whole family can function defines the way of how every member functions within.  According to the theory, the structure of a family changes as soon as the positions of the family members undergo some changes and vice versa. Each new function is the possibility to define and analyze the same problem from a new perspective. The therapist, who is going to offer a change, has to check whether the experience of a family is appropriate for the chosen intervention. Every hierarchy created depends on the functions performed by every member. There has to be a leader, who should be an example for the rest and an advisor. At the same time, whose, who perform the supplementary roles, should not consider themselves diminished or misjudged. The therapist has to explain that any family therapy should be organized acco rding to such order. Target of Intervention When the therapist starts working with a family, he/she has to identify the targets of the therapy interventions in a proper way. A goal for change has to be established (Jones-Smith, 2014). The target of intervention is the change that happens when the therapist try to help each family member to create the necessary boundaries within a family that are â€Å"neither too rigid nor too diffuse† (Jones-Smith, 2014). The intervention results in the change in the frames of which it becomes easier to make decisions and distribute the issue of power in different ways to choose the most appropriate one. It is expected that dysfunctional family structures are improved, and a family gets the required portion of explanations and suggestions on how they have to behave and react to each other’s activities. Assessment from the Approach SFT provides the therapist with a chance to evaluate the conditions under which a family lives, define mi sunderstanding and challenges that take place, and offer several appropriate solutions for a situation to be improved. The following assessment of a family is possible from the therapy offered by Minuchin:Advertising Looking for case study on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Family hierarchy according to the powers gained (proper, improper, in need of improvements); Boundaries between each member of a family (proper, improper, in need of improvements); Subsystems of a family (present, absent, necessary); Therapist’s role (active, passive, leading, minimized). As soon as this kind of family evaluation takes place, the therapist is able to continue working and making the necessary implementations gradually. Normalcy, Health, and Pathology within the Model Normalcy, health, and pathology are the assumptions that help to identify the necessity and essence of assessment and interventions in a family. Family normalcy is usually characterized by the presence of absence of symptoms that can disturbed or destroy a family (Walsh, 2012). In the Minuchin’s therapy, a normal family is defined as â€Å"nonstressful, living in constant harmony and cooperation† (Walsh, 2012, p. 30). This is why when parents or other grown-ups of a family face the problems related to bringing up children, sexual life, or the outside world, they are bothered and require some professional help. It is normal for a family to struggle with some problems in case all struggles can be ended with some compromises. In terms of health, Walsh (2012) explains a healthy family as the parents of which know a lot and can solve intrapsychic conflicts and meet the needs to promote their children’s development. Finally, SFT defines pathology as the situation when families face with stress or other challenges and suffer from increasing â€Å"the rigidity of their transactional patterns and boundaries† and inabilities to â€Å"avoid or resist any exploration of alternatives† (Walsh, 2012, p. 31). Cultural and Diversity Factors within the Model SFT is the model that is too sensitive to cultural and diversity factors because it is based on the way of how the therapist, as well as a family, can define cultural priorities and survive the diversi ties around. Minuchin underlines that the therapist has to respect cultural preferences of a family and do not try to change them or diminish their role in a family’s life. In fact, both, cultural and diversity, factors play an important role in family therapy as it helps to show the family how unique and special their family life actually is.  Children are in need of an explanation of how their own cultures have to be introduced to society the most. They should feel respect to their diversity and a chance to share this uniqueness with a family but not feel sorry or disappointment. Parents are responsible for the way of how children understand their cultural needs in regards to their family hierarchy, and the therapist should explain all aspects accordingly. Type of a Model (Strength-Based or Deficit-Based) Therapy models may be of two types, strengths-based and deficit based. Deficit-based models aim at addressing the patient’s needs and problems, and strengths-base d models focus on people’s attributes that can promote health. The latter approach differs from the former by the possibility to use the already given features and work them out to avoid the development of possible pathologies (Xie, 2013). The therapy offered by Minuchin is of a strengths-based type as it focuses on the outcomes, considers family as the primary concept that has to be used, and defines the possibility to structure a family as one of the ways to help people and use their strengths avoiding weaknesses and deficits. Intervention Examples SFT may have a number of interventions. Still, the most crucial are as follows: Join a family in a friendly-formal way; Analyze the situation and evaluate family; Set the goals; Identify the rules that have to be followed; Define the roles according to the family hierarchy; Change the roles and observe the results; Support communication; Do not try to give the directions (but explain that these are just pieces of advice). All t hese steps help the therapist realize whether it is possible to help a family and identify the root of the existing and potential problems and overcome the majority of them. Model Application Role of the Counselor for the Case in Specific Aspects In the case under consideration, the role of the therapist remains to be crucial as he takes responsibility for the organization of communication between all members of a family. The therapist has to analyze each member separately and tries to define the aspects that can bother them. It is necessary not to become a friend for them because Jimmy is one of the most vulnerable members of the family, who want to gain more someone’s attention. The therapist should not provide Jimmy with empty hopes and clearly define his role as a counselor, who is going to understand and suggest the options that can change the situation within the family. Possible Changes within the Family Among the variety of possible changes for the family under consid eration, the following suggestions may be considered. For example: Jane is bothered by her inability to raise her little daughter Sunny (she may be offered to ask for a part-time job); Paul wants his wife paying more attention to him as a man (he may use his free time to amaze Jane with his own works and achievements); Jimmy is jealous of his father spending more time with Sunny than with him (he can think about some hobbies and the activities to be involved in together with his father). Aspects that Undergo Changes The therapist has to focus on the next aspects with the family and be ready to promote some changes in: Communication between the family members; Occupation of the family members; Identification of the family culture as the thing that can unite all of them; Social norms and rules that have to be followed by all family members as equal members of society; Obligations to each other. All these aspects have to be changed in some way, and every change has to be explained. Understanding of the Case within the Model’s Framework The Duncan’s is almost an ordinary American family that has to face some challenges because of the economic conditions of the country and the obligations that have to be followed. Jane and Paul Duncan have to understand that their new duties should not influence their relations, and they have to take some steps to develop the duties according to the hierarchy that has been developed earlier. The wife has to demonstrate her respect to the husband even in spite of the fact that it is she, who earns money. The husband has to remember that he has a son, who needs more attention. At the same time, e new-born daughter can take much time as well. The therapist should discuss all these points and advise how to improve the current weak situation. Model’s Assumptions around Normalcy, Health, and Pathology In general, the evaluation of the case from the normalcy, health, and pathology shows the following picture: The family’s level of normalcy is medium because of the evident stresses that take place from time to time. It is a health family because of the absence of bad habits and the necessity to feed properly. There are no evident pathologies, just the inability to communicate directly and speak out loud about personal discontents and desires. The family has all changes to be changed and â€Å"healed† because the cooperation is still possible, harmony can be achieved, and several alternatives can be offered by the therapist and accepted by the family as a result of open communications and discussions. Cultural and Diversity Aspects of the Case The case under analysis does not touch upon some cultural and diversity aspects of society. The family consists of the White Americans, who live under the traditions accepted by the United States. The family likes different thematic holidays and tries to participate in all parties to entertain children and show them how the majority of pe ople can live. At the same time, the family can use its cultural preferences as the thing that can unite them and offer a common hobby (for the father and the son) or a captivating holiday (for the husband and the wife). The family should get a strong basis that cannot be postponed, or moved, or neglected. The family has to have something to believe in. The cultural issue is one of the most available suggestions for the family under consideration. Model’s Status and the Case SFT, as the strength-based type of model, is applied to the case as the members of the family expect to achieve successful outcomes. They have a number of strengths and positive intentions to benefit from the changed offered by a professional. Interventions Applied in the Case The possible interventions in the case are: Private talks with every member of a family; Promotion of open communication between all members; Distribution of the roles and mutual exchange of the roles so that every member of the fa mily can understand the pros and cons of each other’s position; Identification of one common interest can unite a family and make its members spend together sometime. Assessment of the Model of the Hypothetical Case Study The success of SFT is the possibility to implement it in a variety of cases. The therapist has to be mature enough to be close to each family member but never cross the line and become a friend. Still, it is necessary to remember that Minuchin’s therapy is more applicable for large families so that their structures, boundaries, and functions can be changed. References Goldenberg, H. Goldenberg, I. (2012). Family therapy: An overview. Belmont, CA:Cengage Learning. Jones-Smith, E. (2014). Theories of counseling and psychotherapy: An integrative approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Miller, A. (2011). Instructor’s manual for Salvador Minuchin on family therapy. Mill Valley, CA: Psychhotherapy.net. Minuchin, S. Fishman, C. (2009). Fami ly therapy techniques. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Prochaska, J. Norcross, J. (2013). Systems of psychotherapy: A transtheoretical analysis. Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning. Simon, G. (2012). The role of the therapist: What effective therapists do. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 38(1), 8-12. Walsh, F. (2012). Normal family processes: Growing diversity and complexity. New York: Guilford Press. Xie, H. (2013). Strengths-based approach for mental health recovery. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 7(2), 5-10. This case study on Structural Family Therapy was written and submitted by user Dario Snow to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Adoption Stats

In the 1990s, there are approximately 120,000 adoptions of children each year. This number has remained fairly constant in the 1990s, and is still relatively proportionate to population size in the U.S 104,000 children were adopted in 1986, 53,000 of whom were related adoptions and 51,000 of whom were unrelated. In addition, approximately 10,000 children were adopted from abroad, bringing the total number of unrelated adoptions to 61,000. States with the highest number of adoptions are states with greater populations. In 1992, California lead with 14,722 adoptions. New York was second with 9,570, Texas third with 8,235, Florida fourth with 6,839, and Illinois fifth with 6,599 adoptions. It is estimated that about 1 million children in the United States live with adoptive parents, and that between 2% to 4% of American families include an adopted child. The majority of Americans are personally affected by adoption. In 1997, the Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute conducted a benchmark survey of 1,554 adults to examine public attitudes toward the institution of adoption and members of the adoption triad. The survey found that 6 in 10 Americans have had personal experience with adoption, meaning that they themselves, a family member, or a close friend was adopted, had adopted a child, or had placed a child for adoption. In 1992, there were 127,441 children adopted in the United States. Between two and four percent of all adoptees searched in the year 1990. A survey conducted in the late 1980's estimated that 500,000 adult adoptees were seeking or have found their birth families In a study of American adolescents, the Search Institute found that 72 percent of adopted adolescents wanted to know why they were adopted, 65 percent wanted to meet their birth parents, and 94 percent wanted to know which birth parent they looked like. The psychological literature has established that the desire of 60 to 90 percent of a... Free Essays on Adoption Stats Free Essays on Adoption Stats In the 1990s, there are approximately 120,000 adoptions of children each year. This number has remained fairly constant in the 1990s, and is still relatively proportionate to population size in the U.S 104,000 children were adopted in 1986, 53,000 of whom were related adoptions and 51,000 of whom were unrelated. In addition, approximately 10,000 children were adopted from abroad, bringing the total number of unrelated adoptions to 61,000. States with the highest number of adoptions are states with greater populations. In 1992, California lead with 14,722 adoptions. New York was second with 9,570, Texas third with 8,235, Florida fourth with 6,839, and Illinois fifth with 6,599 adoptions. It is estimated that about 1 million children in the United States live with adoptive parents, and that between 2% to 4% of American families include an adopted child. The majority of Americans are personally affected by adoption. In 1997, the Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute conducted a benchmark survey of 1,554 adults to examine public attitudes toward the institution of adoption and members of the adoption triad. The survey found that 6 in 10 Americans have had personal experience with adoption, meaning that they themselves, a family member, or a close friend was adopted, had adopted a child, or had placed a child for adoption. In 1992, there were 127,441 children adopted in the United States. Between two and four percent of all adoptees searched in the year 1990. A survey conducted in the late 1980's estimated that 500,000 adult adoptees were seeking or have found their birth families In a study of American adolescents, the Search Institute found that 72 percent of adopted adolescents wanted to know why they were adopted, 65 percent wanted to meet their birth parents, and 94 percent wanted to know which birth parent they looked like. The psychological literature has established that the desire of 60 to 90 percent of a...

Analysing Early Marriage In Egypt Religion Essay

Analysing Early Marriage In Egypt Religion Essay Marriage is wonderful event, it bears a lot of meanings such as love, care, and responsibility. Early marriage may look like any other marriage but it has many different consequences. In that paper I will talk about the early marriage in Egypt and in the Middle East explaining its effects on the spouses and their future children. Introduction Marriage is a very happy celebration throughout the world, however, that celebration doesn’t happen in early marriage cases, there a lot of women that get married while they are still under eighteen years of age, and that happens in many different countries and nations of the world; some parents just force their daughters into marriage in that age to get fortune, titles, or for other social reasons. I believe that early marriage is definitely against all the natural human rights because early marriage will subsequently lead to early pregnancy and early responsibilities that may cause financial or even psychological problems to the parent s. Early marriage doesn’t have only negative effects on the young girl or boy only; it also extends to a series of worse effects on their children and the whole society. The Universal Declaration of Human rights suggests that the â€Å"free and full† right cannot be put into consideration or even discussed if one of the two parties is not able to take decide whether his partner suitable or not because of his lack of experience. There may be many shapes and forms of early marriage and there may be a lot of causes, but the only thing that matters is the impact of that marriage on your child regardless his gender. In that paper I will discuss the early marriage as it deprives the young kids from their childhood, and the effects of that marriage on them and the society as a whole, I will also explain its causes and its relation with poverty, overpopulation and social culture. Review of literature Neglecting the woman’s rights UNICEF (2001) and Lefevre, Murphy and Qu iroga (2004) have stated that marriage is a lovely event all over the world, it means that each of the partners is ready to share his life with the other one and is ready to bear responsibility, however, early marriage cuts the childhood of the boy or the girl and it takes place when at least one of them is not ready to be responsible even for himself therefore early marriage will just deprive him from his fundamental rights. Otoo-Oyotey and Pobi (2003) confirms that early marriage is usually arranged by the parents and they don’t care about the interest of their child in most of the cases, and those marriages often includes some force elements. Causes of early marriage P.M.Fayez (2006) has stated that parents are forcing their daughters into early marriage because they believe that by doing that they will get social and financial benefits and will reduce their financial burden Matmur (2003) and Nour (2006) have both said that parents would encourage early marriage of their y oung daughters because they see her as a financial burden where one daughter less is one mouth less to be fed

African studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

African studies - Essay Example Additionally, the trade also led to the adoption of Islam religion. The encounter of West Africans with the Arabs helped Northern Africa to become a part of the Islamic influence. The Trans-Saharan region had been prepared for acceptance Islam faith in 7th century. Islam was one of the influential factors in the civilization of West Africa where Europeans had refused to penetrate due to the desert conditions. The cultural transformation entailed value for human life, novelty, and social prestige. Powerful kingdoms arose in West Africa due to Trans-Saharan trade. Soninke of Ghana and Mandinka in Mali participated in the trade and accumulated enormous wealth (Shillington 88). Wealth gave the kingdoms the power to maintain rule and influence in the trade. However, the region was not safe and secure due to the gold and ivory trade. Kingdoms would attack each other when traversing the desert. Robbers attacked and hijacked caravans and charioteers. Additionally, kingdoms required slaves and led to a reduction of people. People fled and moved southwards to escape the mistreatment. The spread of Islam brought tension in Western Africa as traditionalist communities resisted the influence of the religion and created a balance. The interactions between Arabs in North Africa and the trading parties from Western Sudan led to the development of infrastructures such as trade roots, monuments, and schools. According to Shillington, the development of fundamental trade centers such as Taghaza, Fezzan, Gao, Tadmeka, Wakata, and Kumbi-Saleh brought commercial and administrative organs that were responsible for trade of goods (p. 92). Communities gained gold, ivory and slaves to boost their economic power in the trade. Local leaders use forced labor to collect goods and make profits from the inferior trading communities. The economic benefits of Trans-Saharan trade were felt in Mali, Songhay and Bornu due to participation in

The impact when parents loses a job Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The impact when parents loses a job - Essay Example The rate of joblessness is very high (Ananat, Gassman-Pines, Francis, and Gibson-Davis. 2011). There are many families where only one parents is working. In such families, the impact of job loss is higher. As a result of an increase in the job loss of parents, the rate of poverty among children is increasing. In the year 2011, 11% of children in the United States had one unemployed parent in the family (Strully, 2009). According to Rege et al. (2011), the loss of a parent’s job results in the loss of economic security of a family. Social scientists have revealed the devastating effects of parents’ job loss on families. The consequences of job loss are seen in the form of mental health problems, stress, and conflicts in relationships (Eliason and Donald, 2009). The job loss does not only increase marital conflicts, but also conflicts and disagreements among parents and children. This also results in ineffective parenting. Children, who are raised in such environment, often face neglect from parents. The education of children also suffers in case of job loss of parents (Spera, Buhrfeind, and Pennebaker, 1994). According to Farber (2010), when a parent loses a job, children are likely to be suspended or expelled from schools. When children are in high schools, they are less likely to continue post-secondary education when a parent loses a job (Nomaguchi, 2012). The increasing cost of education and the credit crunch are two significant challenges faced by children. The loss of a parent’s job also reduces the economic stability of the next generation. When parents endure unemployment, children are more likely to depend on welfare and other support programs. When parents struggle hard to get a job but lose their jobs, children are likely to become disillusioned with protestant work ethic (Gowan, 2012).Top of Form As suggested by Coelli (2011), when a job is lost, parents suffer from stress. The level of stress faced by

Personal Ethics Essay Example for Free

Personal Ethics Essay Personal ethics comes from inside and are influenced by our everyday life and people around us. The directions we obtain as a child helps to form and begin our awareness of ethics. My upbringing memoirs and experiences instilled a well-built belief in family structure and significance of family in general. I was fortunate to be born and brought up in India in a traditional Roman Catholic family. My father was a doctor and he died of heart attack when I was ten years old. My mother was a registered nurse and I have three older brothers and one younger sister. My mother went to the Middle East to work as a nurse and had to leave us in a boarding school. I missed my mother a lot while I was in the boarding school. That was when I decided what I wanted to do. My only ambition was to become a nurse to be with my mother. I always used to watch my parents caring sick people. My parents constantly reminded me to live in Christian faith. They led us by example all the time, providing precious lessons vital to my development. My parents taught me to treat others as we would want them to treat us. I also learned from my parents that every person is important and we should love and respect them. I strive to live by those set of laws, though it is not always easy. My faith also influences my philosophy. I believe in God and God has a plan and purpose for every one of us. This is the basis of my ethical practices. Each individual cultivates different cultural, spiritual and personal values from their own life experiences which add to their worldview and philosophy of nursing in their practice. To me ethics is my own personal belief structure. Knowing our own personal values is critical to every person. My moral compass in nursing offers highest priority for the wellbeing of patients. My moral courage helps me to speak up, stand up for my personal belief and moral values and bring about change in my work place. The persona l and professional values, my relationship and behaviors to others and my morals help me succeed in my personal and professional life. Our conscience acts as a judge for each one of us. We are responsible for our actions. I believe that God is using me as a tool to care for the needy by providing me the knowledge and ability to promote healing. I also believe in the power of prayer. My patients used to tell me I am always smiling. I believe that it is the gift of God and being a nurse is, a calling not just a career. World view is a personal insight about meaning and reality. It helps the person to interprets, through his or her own eyes, a personal belief about the world. My personal worldview is shaped by my Christian religion, origin as an Indian, circumstances, experiences, and education and philosophy. I accept God as the center of the universe. I believe that I am a good mother for my three kids, faithful wife to my husband and an excellent nurse. I also believe in afterlife. I take pride in my profession. My nursing philosophy comes from my desire to care for others. I consider that nursing care is based on c oncrete evidence that is provided within a respectful framework. I always treat my patients the way I wanted to be treated if I am in that situation. Nurses are honored to interact with patients and families at some of the most vulnerable points in their lives. Being considerate of that vulnerability is important. Being respectful of my health care team is also important, as I consider that each of us play a fundamental role in the care of patients and families that we provide. I believe that God is using me as a tool to care for the needy by providing me the knowledge and ability to promote healing. It is essential for the nurses to understand their own selves so that they are able to take care of their patients better. I believe that spirituality plays an important role in the nursing profession. I think that the care of the soul is the beauty of the art of caring in nursing. The values such as integrity, responsibility, trust, reliability, and honesty are some of the personal values, which will determine how we face the world. Reliability and responsibility are very important to ones professional and personal life. Culture is something that a person learns from his family and surroundings, and is not inbuilt in him from birth. My upbringing as a Christian in Southern part of India, active participation in church activities and catholic schooling have helped me to value human dignity and assist me to take right decision in my personal and professional life. Awareness of different rules about how their members coexist with each other and interact with each other. Some cultures believe that discussing death, making a living will can invite death to the person who is ill. Looking at the life in different ways should be respected always (Runzheimer Larsen, 2011). Cultural diversity and differences in personal values can direct our relations with patients, family, and co-workers. Cultural competence is the ability to provide effective care for patients and families and our co- workers who come from different cultures. To understand different cultural beliefs and practices requires flexibility and a respect for others viewpoints . Ethical issues occur in everyday practices. An ethical dilemma is described as a type of situation that involves being in between two correct courses of action that leads the person to choose the right move and still be wrong at the same time (Purtillo, 2011). This can cause a lot of distress as it encompasses both ethical conflict and conduct. The ethical decision what we make should respect the patient and family desires, physician’s belief and concepts on life and death in our own view. Many situations arise in the critical care where nurses and doctors are obligated to make ethical decisions in a short period of time. Few years back I came across a situation in our ICU. A 90 year old woman from nursing home got admitted with history of multiple strokes with weakness on her right side, emphysema and difficulty in swallowing. She was demented also. Her admission diagnosis was aspiration pneumonia. She had two children and her son was the health care proxy who was living in C alifornia and he couldn’t come to visit her mother because of some personal situation. Patient’s daughter who was living locally was taking care of her. The daughter wanted to place the feeding tube and treat for every problem. We respected the daughter’s decision. We started her on antibiotics. We placed the feeding tube and and started feeding her. Day by day her respiratory status started deteriorating. The attending physician contacted the patient’s son over the phone and explained the patient’s condition in detail. Apparently, we found out from him that the patient had a living will that stated she did not want any feeding tube or even antibiotics in a situation where her quality of life was poor. Fortunately patient’s son came with her living will and our hospital ethics committee had a talk with her family especially the daughter. Because the patient’s wishes were clearly stated in the living will, she was made comfortable and transferred her to a private room to allow the family to be with her all the time and she died peacefully after one day. In this situation, the daughter wanted to treat her mother even though she knew about her wishes and she did not tell us anything about the patient’s living will. She was acting unrealistic in this situation. The decision was tough for the daughter in this situation. In my view the physician made the right choice to contact her son that put an end to her sufferings. Nurses can make satisfactory solutions to the different ethical problems through creative and knowledge based approach. Each nurse has the responsibility to optimize the caring response and reduce damage to the patient. .â€Å" Nurses are leaders and vigilant advocates for the delivery of dignified and humane care. Nurses actively participate in assessing and assuring the responsible and appropriate use of intervention in order to minimize unwarranted or unwanted treatment and patient suffering† (American Nurses Association, 2001). The significant impact we make in the lives of our patients and their families in their vulnerable situations and the positive encouragement I get from my nurse manager, co-workers, patients and families keeps me moving in my profession. References American Nurses Association (2001). Code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements. Washington, DC. Retrieved from http://www.sfcc.edu/files/SFCC NursingStudentHandbook Purtilo, R., Doherty, R. (2011). Ethical dimensions in the health professions. (5th ed.). P (5-10) St.Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Saunders. Role of the Registered professional nurse. June 8, 2005. Retrieved on June 6, 2012 from http://www.nysna.org/practice/positions/position6.htm Runzheimer, J., Larsen, L. (2011). Medical ethics for dummies. (p. 113). NJ: WileyPublishing.

Theology of the Hammer :: Essays Papers

Theology of the Hammer In order for us as a society to move forward, I believe that we must adapt the same central ideas that Habitat for Humanity implements. The mission for Habitat for Humanity simply is to eliminate poverty housing by partnering with families to build and renovate houses. They implement "Matching the Word with Deed" (Fuller 21). I feel that this is important because preaching the good word of God is not the only way to help people, as there are many forms of doing God's work. "We know equally well that talking and praying alone will never dig the foundation, nor will piety by itself put up the walls. Only the powerful combination of the word and deed can get the job done" (Fuller 26). I really hate coining old clichà ©s, but simply put " you can not just talk the talk, but you must also walk the walk." I firmly believe that Fuller's views are very realistic. The term "theology of the hammer" is basically about "†¦doing more than just talk about faith and sing about love. We must put faith and love into action to make them real, to make them come alive for people. Faith must be incarnated; that is to say, it must become more than a verbal proclamation or an intellectual assent. True faith must be acted out." (Fuller 7). I do not see that as being unrealistic. After all, there is no reason that people should be restricted to praying for people that are in need in some church. If people have the choice to sit in some pew and pray for the less fortunate to get shelter, or build them shelter in God's name, why on earth would these people not want to lend a hand. Another point to support my argument is the facts. Habitat for Humanity has built and renovated several thousand homes.

Case Vignettes in Acid-Base Balance Essay

A 14-year-old girl with cystic fibrosis has complained of an increased cough productive of green sputum over the last week. She also complained of being increasingly short of breath, and she is noticeably wheezing on physical examination. Arterial blood was drawn and sampled, revealing the following values: Questions: 1. How would you classify this girl’s acid-base status? 2. How does cystic fibrosis cause this acid-base imbalance? 3. How would the kidneys try to compensate for the girl’s acid-base imbalance? 4. List some other causes of this type of acid-base disturbance. Vignette #2: A 76-year-old man complained to his wife of severe sub-sternal chest pains that radiated down the inside of his left arm. Shortly afterward, he collapsed on the living room floor. Paramedics arriving at his house just minutes later found him unresponsive, not breathing, and without a pulse. CPR and electroconvulsive shock were required to start his heart beating again. Upon arrival at the Emergency Room, the man started to regain consciousness, complaining of severe shortness of breath (dyspnea) and continued chest pain. On physical examination, his vital signs were as follows: Systemic blood 85 mm Hg / 50 mm pressure Hg Heart rate 175 beats / minute Respiratory rate 32 breaths / minute Temperature 99.2o F His breathing was labored, his pulses were rapid and weak everywhere, and his skin was cold and clammy. An ECG was done, revealing significant â€Å"Q† waves in most of the leads. Blood testing revealed markedly elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels of cardiac muscle origin. Arterial blood was sampled and revealed the following: pH 7.22 pCO2 30 mm Hg pO2 70 mm Hg Hemoglobin – O2 saturation 88 % [HCO3-] 2 meq / liter Questions: 5. What is the diagnosis? What evidence supports your diagnosis? 6. How would you classify his acid-base status? What specifically caused this acidbase disturbance? 7. How has his body started to compensate for this acid-base disturbance? 8. List some other causes of this type of acid-base disturbance. Vignette #3: An elderly gentleman is in a coma after suffering a severe stroke. He is in the intensive care unit and has been placed on a ventilator. Arterial blood gas measurements from the patient reveal the following: pH 7.50 pCO2 30 mm Hg pO2 100 mm Hg Hemoglobin – O2 saturation 98% [HCO3-] 24 meq / liter Questions: 9. How would you classify this patient’s acid-base status? 10. How does this patient’s hyperventilation pattern raise the pH of the blood? 11. How might the kidneys respond to this acid-base disturbance? 12. List some other causes of this type of acid-base disturbance.

Fearless

â€Å"Fearless† and â€Å"courageous†; two common words that have been used to describe soldiers for centuries. There is, however, a big difference between being courageous and being fearless. Courage is one of the best terms used to describe a soldier: that no matter how hard the circumstances are and how scared he/she is, they keep pressing on. It is truly amazing how courageous these men and women are. Humans were made to fear, it is humanly impossible to be without fear, there is no soldier that is truly â€Å"fearless†.Soldiers at war often put up a front that they are unafraid, the reason they put up this front is to be trusted by fellow soldiers, to fit into society's view of a soldier and to maintain their sanity. The world often perceives fear as a sign of weakness. The word fear is defined as a â€Å"feeling of anxiety or agitation caused by the presence or nearness of danger, evil, or pain. Extreme fear is terror which applies to an overwhelming often paralyzing fear† (Fear†). In the heat of battle, a soldier's senses are heightened to the danger that surrounds him.Any civilian in these circumstances would choose to run and hide or escape, but the soldier has been trained not to selfishly retreat, but to heed orders and advance. He/she may know his/her life is in grave danger, yet for the sake of courage and duty to his/her country he continues on. The courage that a soldier surrounds themself with is the quality of spirit which enables one to face danger or pain without showing fear. If a soldier falters he or she may be dismissed but will certainly not be trusted by his/her fellow soldiers.Each soldier desires trust, loyalty, and respect and each of their lives depend on it. The soldier makes a choice to lay his or her individual fears and emotions aside to be courageous. In the short story, â€Å"The Things They Carried†, by Tim O'Brien, not only were the physical items that they carried described but also the emotional burdens they carried. â€Å"They carried shameful memories. They carried the common secret of cowardice barely restrained, the instinct to run or freeze or hide. They carried their reputations.They carried the soldier's greatest fear, which was the fear of blushing† (O'Brien). Soldiers care about what fellow soldiers think of them. They need to be trusted. The face of fearlessness is formed to avoid being made a coward or being put to shame, and to keep a good reputation. Their fellow soldiers are all they have at war. In general, there is a disconnect between society’s view on war and a soldier’s view on war. Citizens are easily influenced and swayed by different means of communication in society.Society often portrays war and soldiers to be something that they are not: fearless. According to platoon leader, Paul Stanley, â€Å"soldiers realize the cost and effort required to be willing to fight and what it means to be in life or death situations , society thinks they understand but they don't† (Paul Stanley). He said his view is totally different than that of an everyday citizen. Lieutenant Stanley also commented on society’s negative view of soldiers; â€Å"Society believes soldiers are more like weapons instead of people. Sometimes society depicts soldiers in a negative light, as being merciless fighting machines, which is not the case either. Lieutenant Stanley said that his view of his country was better after war; he appreciates life more and is a better person. How society depicts soldiers is what we believe a soldier to be, which often means supernatural beings or war machines. In â€Å"The Things They Carried†, first Lieutenant Jimmy Cross, had gotten sidetracked during battle and because of it one of his men was killed.From then on Jimmy chose to put all thoughts outside of war aside in hopes that it would never occur again. He wouldn't show his emotion towards anything; in other words, he woul d act fearless (O'Brien 232-239). The feelings and emotions are still there, they are just hidden behind a wall, making it easier to keep him and others safe. Soldiers often need to block out any emotion and images to maintain their sanity. A first lieutenant in the Desert Storm War, Paul Stanley said â€Å"especially as an officer, you can't act scared.Everyone looks to you, so you have to be strong for them. † Soldiers have to have confidence in themselves and the team around them and also trust that they received the proper training. They learn to subdue their fear and cope with emotion. A common disorder that soldiers are diagnosed with after war because of their suppression of any emotional burdens is called Post Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder occurs when a person experiences a severe trauma or life threatening event.If soldiers were fearless, they wouldn't be affected by this disorder. Soldiers are heroes, courageous, noble, self-sacri ficing, and brave and so much more, but they are still human, they are not fearless. The aspect of being fearless plays a large role in keeping a soldier alive and sane. Their fearless attitude is the way soldiers are able to fit into society’s view of a soldier, be trusted by their team, and maintain their sanity.

The Declaration from Birmingha essays

The Declaration from Birmingha essays Although the time periods and over all reasons were different, Thomas Jefferson and Martin Luther King Jr. kept one common goal in mind, freedom from their oppressors. The Declaration of Independence and Letter from Birmingham Jail are great examples of how Americans were able to stand up against corrupt ways and break free from the chains of injustice. Even though these two documents seem nothing alike at a quick glance, one is able to note that they are almost exactly the same when you inspect the goals, style, and logic upheld in both documents. Both Thomas Jefferson and Martin Luther King Jr. had one common goal in mind when they put pen to the paper and inscribed their names into history forever; both men were leaders of an alliance of people who had been treated unjust for many years and demanded a resolution, both men were fighting against a long train of abuses with brutal injustice and shameful humiliation, and some people might even consider the fact that both Thomas Jefferson and Martin Luther King Jr. committed treason. ( Martin Luther King Jr., in a sense, struck up an ethical war against the American people.) Basically, the only difference between them was the people they were fighting for. Thomas Jefferson was fighting for the American people in order to free us from the tyranny of Britain, and Martin Luther King Jr. was fighting for African Americans in order to free them from a blanket of racism. Style was a major factor in setting up the documents and presenting a plethora of information to the people. Jefferson and King kept the same strategy at hand when they went about writing their documents. They made sure to cover the entire spectrum and holster emotional, ethical, and logical appeal in order to leave no space for forgiveness of the oppressor. Emotional appeal was able to dig its way into the hearts of people and cause them to feel sorry for the oppressed. Ethica...

Sexual Harassment in Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sexual Harassment in Workplace - Essay Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that the issue of sexual harassment has become a common problem in many organizations. This proposal aims at finding means of eliminating sexual harassment. Some people claim that they did not know the acts which amount to sexual harassment and this proposal is aimed at creating awareness of the acts which a referred to as sexual harassment to employees or employer. Sexual harassment is a crime and individuals who commit the act are held reliable and punished by law. This punishment should not be limited when the act is carried out in Pepsi but the perpetrators should be punished as it can reduce the morale of the employees or victim. Many of the workers who commit the act in Pepsi claim that they are not aware that the act they committed could be regarded as sexual harassment. Before going into details, the proposal has to explain the circumstances in which sexual harassment takes place and the effects. There are differe nt circumstances in which the actions occur or take place. The harasser and survivor can be of similar gender. They can also be of different gender like a woman being harassed by a man. Women can also be perpetrators of sexual assault in a workplace it does not mean that only men commit the act. In order for the act to be regarded as sexual harassment, the harasser’s actions should not be welcomed by the victim. Sexual harassment leads to different effects when committed at a workplace. The act leads to poor work concentration. The victim may have low self-esteem and the harasser may fail to concentrate with work and focus on how to harass the victim. The act may also lead to anxiety, drug or alcohol abuse, increased absenteeism, poor staff morale and less teamwork. Organizations with multiple incidents of sexual harassment have low staff productivity. An increase of the act will make the Pepsi’s employees be less productive and the issues should be addressed. Sexual h arassment is a serious offense in a workplace as it creates a bad image for an organization. The act ruins the entire business operations of Pepsi. Many organization keeps complaining as secrete and solve the issue within the organization in order to protect the reputation of the organization.

Electronic Health Records Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Electronic Health Records - Research Paper Example EHRs, Pros, Cons In a document from the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), the benefits of adopting the use of HIT in both public and private institutions were presented, as well as the goals, vision, and changes in the system once health care delivery would integrate the use of such innovations. In 2004, former US president Bush â€Å"called for a widespread adoption of interoperable EHRs within 10 years,† and the established position of National Coordinator for Health Information Technology was tasked to develop and implement a â€Å"strategic plan† that would guide the implementation of HIT nationally in both public and private sectors (HSS 1). From here we see that such advancements in technology are supported by the federal government, and imply that they may have more advantages than disadvantages. In a publication by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and National Center for Research Resources (NCRR), they adopt the Health Informati on Management Systems Society’s (HIMSS) definition of EHR where, â€Å"The Electronic Health Record (EHR) is a longitudinal electronic record of patient health information generated by one or more encounters in any care delivery setting. Included in this information are patient demographics, progress notes, problems, medications, vital signs, past medical history, immunizations, laboratory data, and radiology reports. The EHR automates and streamlines the clinician’s workflow. The EHR has the ability to generate a complete record of a clinical patient encounter, as well as supporting other care-related activities directly or indirectly via interface - including evidence-based decision support, quality management, and outcomes reporting.† (1) The pen and paper system adopted in health care institutions have been blamed more than many times in errors that occur in health care delivery. In the development of EHRs, these mistakes are perceived to lessen because they say that electronic records are legible and consistent, not encouraging other members of the health care team to assume or guess medications, dosages, and other physician orders written on the patients’ charts once they get hard to read. Fragmentation of information that may be caused by paper records have the risk of increasing health care cost to manage adverse effects the patient could experience in the event that something undesirable happens when information on paper are misinterpreted. Another advantage of an EHR is its increased capabilities to store information for longer periods of time, and it is accessible, allowing immediate retrieval of information (Gurley). The system is also designed to detect abnormal results, in laboratory and diagnostic procedures, for instance, and reminds and alerts providers when such are found in the records. This feature thus enhances patient safety in the deliverance of care. One disadvantage with an EHR is its startup costs, which ma y be too much (Gurley). Although the system is seen to reduce health care costs, there is a need for financial capital to be invested during its initial adoption that may be a huge amount. Also, to users who are not technically knowledgeable, EHRs may become difficult, instead of convenient, to them. The issues considered when EHRs are