Conflict and Negotiations Essays

Strife and Negotiations Essays Strife and Negotiations Essay Strife and Negotiations Essay I. Official SUMMARY Conflict is a procedure that starts when one gathering sees that another gathering has contrarily influenced, or is going to be adversely influence, something that the principal party thinks about. It additionally incorporates a wide scope of contentions that individuals involvement with associations. Clashes are typically brought about by poor correspondence, absence of receptiveness and inability to react to worker needs. Human Relations View Conflict as the conviction that contention is a characteristic and unavoidable result in any gathering. While Interactionist View Conflict as the conviction that contention isn't just a positive power in a gathering yet that it is completely important for a gathering to perform successfully. There are in any event three Types of Conflicts: Task Conflicts or Conflicts over substance and objectives of the work; Relationship Conflicts or clashes dependent on relational connections and; Process Conflicts or struggle over how work completes. There are five phases of contention and they are as per the following †Stage 1: Potential resistance or contrariness, Stage 2: Cognition and Personalization; Stage 3: Intentions; Stage 4: Behavior lastly; Stage 5: Outcomes. Arrangement in definition is a procedure where at least two gatherings trade products or administrations and endeavor to concur on the swapping scale for them. There are two BARGAINING STRATEGIES that you can utilize during arrangements: (1) Distributive Bargaining or the exchange that looks to split a fixed measure of assets; a success lose circumstance and; (2) Integrative Bargaining or the exchange that looks for at least one settlements that can make a success win arrangement. There are likewise steps to be followed in guaranteeing an effective egotiation process †Step 1: Preparation and arranging; Step 2: Definition of guidelines; Step 3: Classification and support; Step 4: Bargaining and Problem Solving and; Step 5: Closure and execution Finally there are five CONFLICT-HANDLING INTENTIONS: Competition, Collaboration, Avoidance, Accommodation, Compromise II. Goals ? Toward the finish of this report, the gathering guarantees that the crowd will have the option to: 1. Charact erize struggle. 2. Separate between the conventional, human relations, and interactionist perspectives on struggle. 3. Complexity errand, relationship, and procedure struggle. 4. Layout the contention procedure. 5. Depict the five clash taking care of goals. 6. Difference distributive and integrative dealing. 7. Recognize the five stages in the arranging procedure. 8. Portray social contrasts in dealings. III. Struggle IN DEFINITION †A procedure that starts when one gathering sees that another gathering has contrarily influenced, or is going to adversely influence, something that the principal party thinks about. Is that point in a continuous action when a collaboration â€Å"crosses over† to turn into an interparty struggle. †Encompasses a wide scope of contentions that individuals involvement with associations Incompatibility of objectives Differences over translations of realities Disagreements dependent on conduct desires Transitions in Conflict Thought †The conviction that all contention is unsafe and must be stayed away from. Causes: †Poor correspondence †Lack of transparency †Failure to react to worker needs Human R elations View of Conflict †The conviction that contention is a characteristic and inescapable result in any gathering. Interactionist View of Conflict †The conviction that contention isn't just a positive power in a gathering however that it is totally fundamental for a gathering to perform adequately. Useful versus Dysfunctional Conflict Functional Conflict †Conflict that underpins the objectives of the gathering and improves its presentation. Broken Conflict †Conflict that prevents bunch execution Types of Conflict 1. Errand Conflict †Conflicts over substance and objectives of the work. 2. Relationship Conflict †Conflict dependent on relational connections. 3. Procedure Conflict †Conflict over how work completes. IV. THE CONFLICT PROCESS [pic] Stage I: Potential Opposition or Incompatibility †Communication †Semantic troubles, mistaken assumptions, and â€Å"noise† †Structure †Size and specialization of employments Jurisdictional lucidity/vagueness †Member/objective contradiction †Leadership styles (close or participative) †Reward frameworks (win-lose) †Dependence/association of gatherings †Personal Variables †Differing singular worth frameworks †Personality types Stage II: Cognition and Persona lization Perceived Conflict †Awareness by at least one gatherings of the presence of conditions that make open doors for struggle to emerge. Felt Conflict †Emotional inclusion in a contention making uneasiness, strained quality, disappointment, or threatening vibe. [pic] Stage III: Intentions †Decisions to act in a given way. Helpfulness: †Attempting to fulfill the different party’s concerns. Confidence: †Attempting to fulfill one’s own interests. Measurements of Conflict-Handling Intentions [pic] Competing †A craving to fulfill one’s interests, paying little mind to the effect on the other party to the contention. Working together †A circumstance wherein the gatherings to a contention each longing to fulfill completely the worries everything being equal. Dodging †The longing to pull back from or smother a contention. Obliging †The readiness of one gathering in a contention to put the opponent’s interests over their own. Trading off A circumstance in which each gathering to a contention is happy to quit any trace of something. Stage IV: Behavior Conflict Management †The utilization of goals and incitement procedures to accomplish the ideal degree of contention. Struggle Intensity Continuum [pic] Conflict Management Techniques 1. Critical think ing 2. Superordinate objectives 3. Extension of assets 4. Shirking 5. Smoothing 6. Bargain 7. Legitimate order 8. Changing the human variable 9. Modifying the basic factors 10. Correspondence 11. Acquiring untouchables 12. Rebuilding the association 13. Naming a devil’s advocate Stage V: Outcomes Functional Outcomes from Conflict †Increased gathering execution †Improved nature of choices †Stimulation of imagination and advancement †Encouragement of intrigue and interest †Provision of a vehicle for critical thinking †Creation of a domain for self-assessment and change Creating Functional Conflict †Reward disagree and rebuff struggle avoiders. Broken Outcomes from Conflict †Development of discontent †Reduced gathering adequacy †Retarded correspondence †Reduced gathering cohesiveness †Infighting among bunch individuals conquers bunch objectives V. Arrangement IN DEFINITION †A procedure where at least two gatherings trade products or administrations and endeavor to concede to the swapping scale for them. BATNA †The Best Alternative To a Negotiated Agreement; the most reduced adequate worth (result) to a person for an arranged understanding. VI. Bartering STRATEGIES Distributive Bargaining †Negotiation that looks to split a fixed measure of assets; a success lose circumstance. Integrative Bargaining †Negotiation that looks for at least one settlements that can make a success win arrangement. Distributive Versus Integrative Bargaining [pic] Marking Out the Bargaining Zone [pic] VII. THE NEGOTIATION PROCESS [pic] VIII. ISSUES IN NEGOTIATION The Role of Personality Traits in Negotiation †Traits don't seem to have a fundamentally immediate impact on the results of either haggling or arranging forms. Sex Differences in Negotiations †Women haggle no uniquely in contrast to men, in spite of the fact that men evidently haggle somewhat better results. †Men and ladies with comparable force bases utilize the equivalent arranging styles. †Women’s perspectives toward exchange and their prosperity as arbitrators are less positive than men’s. IX. Outsider NEGOTIATIONS Mediator †A nonpartisan outsider who encourages an arranged arrangement by utilizing thinking, influence, and recommendations for choices. Mediator †An outsider to an arrangement who has the position to direct an understanding. Conciliator †A confided in outsider who gives a casual correspondence connect between the arbitrator and the rival. Advisor †An unbiased outsider, talented in refereeing, who endeavors to encourage imaginative critical thinking through correspondence and examination. X. Worldwide IMPLICATIONS Conflict and Culture †Japanese and U. S. supervisors see struggle contrastingly †U. S. chiefs bound to utilize contending strategies while Japanese supervisors are probably going to utilize bargain and evasion Cultural Differences in Negotiations †Multiple multifaceted examinations on arrangement styles, for example: †American moderators are almost certain than Japanese bargainers to make a first offer †North Americans use realities to convince, Arabs use feeling, and Russians utilized affirmed beliefs †Brazilians state â€Å"no† more frequently than Americans or Japanese XI. Strife AND UNIT PERFORMANCE [pic] XII. Strife HANDLING INTENTION Strife Handling Intention: Competition †When speedy, conclusive activity is crucial (in crises); on significant issues. †Where disliked activities need executing (in cost cutting, upholding disagreeable guidelines, discipline). †On issues imperative to the organization’s government assistance. �

OM8021 Literture review concept map Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

OM8021 Literture audit idea map - Essay Example investigate, he has utilized gathering, association and industry levels of examination whereby he has concentrated on gatherings of individuals in poor districts and confined territories, associations and organizations, and businesses, for example, cultivating, angling and banking. The creator expresses that portable correspondence is the innovation that has the best impact on the improvement of society and can be a significant advance towards industrialization in creating nations. He brings up different ramifications of mobiles in the creating nations: The applications inside portable banking defeat the difficulties presented by huge geographic separations and foundation lacks for neighborhood specialists and improve safe exchange of assets. This decreases the dangers associated with taking care of huge wholes of money. Applications in the regions of training and data are likewise helpful in underdeveloped nations. Mobiles likewise improve relations where relatives and companions in the city and rustic regions impart and trade data in this manner defeating the â€Å"major social problem†. He additionally noticed that cell phones make improved conditions for organizations, which thusly makes better monetary and social conditions along these lines increasing living expectations. One impediment that the creator distinguishes is that the administrations and applications offered in underdeveloped nations are low-tech as this is the thing that all gatherings extending from administrators to people in rustic zones would manage. The creator recognizes various proposals in the paper. He takes note of that portable applications could be important in helping wellbeing experts and care suppliers get imperative data, for example, on HIV/AIDS and intestinal sickness to individuals living in segregated territories while access to tribute data by means of a cell phone could make life simpler. He additionally brings up that arrangement of cell phones to individuals in poor areas could essentially hurry advancement and that offering voice and sms administrations is the most ideal approach to increase living expectations in Tanzania, an

The American Astronomical Societys Winter Conference 2013 Edition

The American Astronomical Society’s Winter Conference 2013 Edition Im sitting on a JetBlue flight from San Francisco to Boston, listening to the Prince of Egypt soundtrack (Hans Zimmer AND Stephen Schwartz. Oh my goodness.) The couple to my left dont speak much English, but seem very nice; the lady offered me one of her crackers. Were flying over what I initially mistook to be stiff clouds, but which turned out to be very impressive snowy mountains. I have zero geographical awareness of Mountains In The Continental United States, so I stopped a random woman walking down the aisle and asked if she knew where we were. She looked a little affronted, and suggested that I ask the stewardess. I stopped a stewardess, who had YOLO written on the back of her notepad. Oh, she said, I think they must be the Rockies. I thanked her, but before she had the chance to escape, the man across the aisle from me (who has a very bright yellow bag tucked under the seat in front of him it looks like its made out of the same material as those HI IM HERE PLEASE DONT HIT ME cyclist jackets) took out his earbud and asked whether I was asking about the mountains outside. I said yes. Those are the Sierra Nevadas, he replied, with sort of a snooty glance at the stewardess. Were not far enough to be over the Rockies. He then explained that the Sierra Nevadas run along the northern part of California, that theyre shallow on the west side and very jagged on the east side, that this is where Yosemite is. I thanked him. Now that Im done chatting with my neighbors, it seems like as good a time as any to crank out some thoughts on the past week. First, some background.  Over the summer, I did astronomy research at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) headquarters in Charlottesville, Virginia, through a National Science Foundation (NSF)-funded program under the Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) umbrella. It was a great success:  I found a new pulsar  and baked a really cool cake. I had another project, though, which I didnt talk much about in previous posts. Essentially, I worked on a new way to obtain precise rotation measures for each millisecond pulsar (MSP) in the globular cluster Terzan 5. The rotation measure describes how much the linearly-polarized component of the pulsars signal rotates on its way to Earth, due to the Milky Ways magnetic field. I managed to get much better precision than the current software, which is awesome, because the eventual goal is to get the value for each MSP in the cluster and then have fun comparing them and playing with physics. I had the opportunity to present those results in poster form, at the American Astronomical Society’s annual winter conference in Long Beach, California. MIT and the NRAO split my travel, hotel, and living costs, which well, you can imagine how awesome that was. In preparation, I made my poster, and poked around for contact information and advice. I chatted with my supervisor from the summer and my current UROP supervisor, who all gave me suggestions for how to make the most of the event. I also got a list of names from Dumbledore, of MIT alumnae-turned-astronomers at various institutions. I e-mailed all of them; a few werent at the conference, but offered to chat with me via Skype, which was nice. A few were in the area at the time; one arranged to meet me for coffee since she was at the AAS anyway, one drove down from Caltech to meet me (which blew my mind) and a few didnt get back to me about meeting in person, so I ended up hunting them down in the big poster room through a combination of nametag-scanning, facial recognition (I stalked them all on the Internet beforehand) and luck. I have now mastered the art of shaking hands. While chatting with an astronomer who works at the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), some random stranger came up and slipped a card into my hand. Bewildered, I looked around for an explanation, and the AMNH guy told me that the card was my invitation to the big party happening on the last night. More on that later. For now, let me show you the hotel: SO MUCH BLUE SKY. Yay! When I arrived, I 1) Checked into my room, and 2) Realized that I left my crutches on the airport shuttle (NOOOOOOOOOOOO) and called the shuttle company, only to be told that the crutches werent on the bus. Um. LIES. Definitely lies, since the next morning they had been returned to the hotel front desk. Whatever. Anyway, the view out my window: Ahhhhh, California. After resting a bit, I limped down to the lobby to take advantage of the free wireless service (not available in rooms, unfortunately). A few minutes after I arrived, a guy walked in holding a poster tube, and I figured I ought to make a friend. Me: Hello! I guess youre here for the AAS? Guy: Yes, but this is actually my students poster; Im just hanging onto it for her. Me: Oh, a student? Are you a professor? Guy: I direct the Harvard REU summer program. Me: OH! Im applying there! Small world. Small hotel lobby, I guess. We proceeded to bond over being from England, and he shared his thoughts on how to pursue joint research-public outreach interests. That was the first of many new connections and friendships, the making of which I became convinced is the primary purpose of a conference like this; a few days later, I went out to lunch with him, an MIT alum, and all of the Harvard REU alums who happened to be at the AAS. It occurred to me sometime towards dessert that Id never actually been to the Harvard REU; no one seemed to notice or mind. Back to the conference center: There were 3,000 astronomers in there, which became apparent the instant I walked in. For those of you who dont know anything about the astronomy field thats a pretty significant percentage of the population. While standing in line for my registration badge, I met a helicopter medic / amateur astronomer, and an astronomer at the Space Telescope Science Institute. I presented my poster on the first day of the conference. The poster room was gigantic (a gymnasium, I think?) and fit hundreds of people . There were permanent exhibits, on various astronomical facilities and telescopes and companies, but the main floor was taken up by posters that changed from day to day. The guy next to me had a poster on a completely different topic, but most people in the area were pulsar astronomers. Sometimes, to procure an audience, I dragged over random people who had next to zero interest in pulsars. Sometimes, people came to find me, because they had a particular interest in my project. One guy asked when the paper would be published, because he wants to use my code I think I said soon, but all I remember is trying very hard not to faint. Then, the head of MITs physics department showed up, and asked me lots of questions again, I think I answered, but all I remember is trying very hard not to faint. He was accompanied by George Ricker, the principal investigator on this project. Another visitor was my TA from 8 .04 (Quantum I). My most unexpected visitor was a guy from Stanford, who asked: Are you the Anna who teaches at Splash? My internal response was: yes, I am, but WHAAAA? Who are you and how do you know that?! I dont remember what I said out loud. He explained that he was an MIT alum, used to teach at Splash, and had heard about my astronomy-related classes. Small world. Small field. I took breaks from the poster to wander around, look at other posters (one of them presented by a co-founder of Astronomy Picture of the Day (APOD)!), and attend talks on the Spitzer Space Telescope (an infrared telescope, which has done, among lots of other things, really cool exoplanet science), galaxy clusters (by an MIT prof!) and the James Webb Space Telescope. Attending lots of talks was the theme of the next few days talks on everything from Extreme Urban Stargazing to Astronomers Without Borders to the Kepler Space Telescope to the Crab nebula and orbital dynamics and detecting gravitational waves using millisecond pulsars (YAY PULSARS!) A note that I passed to my friend Stephen during one of the talks pretty much summed up the experience: THIS IS SO EXCITING I CANT HANDLE IT I THINK IM GOING TO CRY. On the last full day, I took a break from the conference center to hang out with my friend Spencer, who gave me a tour of SpaceX, where hes working for the semester. On returning, I wandered around the poster room and made friends who work at the Adler Planetarium, at the Space Telescope Science Institute, and at this awesome telescope facility in Puerto Rico. I cannot do justice to how friendly everyone was: a lady who gave a talk I enjoyed sat me down on a couch for twenty minutes; she talked with me about careers and grad school and gave me her contact information. This didnt seem out of the ordinary. When I felt worn out, I retreated to a couch at the NRAO booth, since thats where I worked over the summer and felt at home. I caught up with two of my ex-colleagues. One was a very kind unofficial mentor to me over the summer one afternoon, I arrived at a colloquium on a field totally unrelated to my project, and sat timidly on a chair by the wall. He waved me over to the table where the astronomers sat. At the end of the talk, I asked some questions, and this colleague had a magical way of knowing that I was left confused by the response. After the session, he took me into his office and gave me an impromptu lecture on the board. A couple of weeks later, when I was writing a proposal for telescope time, he helped me with the application, since I had no idea what any of the words meant. The other guy similarly went way beyond the call of duty this summer; he read over a draft of that telescope proposal for me, and gave me feedback. One day, after snacktime, he talked with me about grad school for an hour. When we were chatting at the AAS conference NRAO booth, he saw the note I passed to Stephen (the one about IM GOING TO CRY) and read it before I could stop him. He laughed for something like five mortifying minutes. Or maybe it was five seconds. Couldnt tell. Anyway, moving on from astronomers to astronomy events: my favorite events at the conference were the Town Halls. There was an NRAO Town Hall, an Arecibo Town Hall, an NSF (National Science Foundation) Town Hall, and others. Basically, the director gives an update on what the organization is up to, what the financial situation is, what kinds of science are being supported and conducted. I REALLY enjoyed those, since I got a perspective on the field that I wouldnt get from doing research. I learned, for example, about whats going on with the NSF budget. Despite some bad news, it was clear that everyone was together and committed to making progress and doing whatever we need to do to ensure that astronomy remains a healthy field. Speaking of the field, and the community: astronomers like to party. On the last night, we rented out a club, and hundreds of people packed into a room to dance and mingle. I did the macarena next to an REU director, danced in a group with some professors, and sang DONT STOP BELIEVING at the top of my lungs from the DJs stage. I waved at my research advisor from across the dance floor. In case I havent made this clear: I didnt feel like a summer student, or an intern, or even an undergrad. I got invited out to a very casual dinner with a big group of star formation people, and genuinely felt like I could call everyone there a friend or a colleague. We joked about our ages (the guy next to me: I dont even want to KNOW when YOU were born). I loved that conversation could seamlessly transition from planetesimals to protoplanetary disks to current research to travel stories and jokes and nonsense. I babbled to my friend Eric about how wonderful the conference was he responded by quoting an e-mail exchange wed had a week prior. At least by the end of next week, Ill know if astronomy is something that I would want to do later on Anna Ho, 1 week ago (ish) Sounds like youve gained some insight :) Yes. I cant tell you how much it meant to me to feel so welcomed. People were interested in my research, in me, in my interests, but also in just hanging out with me. Through conversations with professors and other undergrads and some grad students, I reinforced my new-ish desire to go onto graduate school and get my Ph.D. in astronomy. I sent a very happy e-mail to my mom, and she said Thats wonderful! How you feel about your colleagues near and far is REALLY IMPORTANT in my view. So let it be known: I LOVE MY COLLEAGUES. and my old friends, and my new friends. Ill be back next winter.

Abraham and Sarah Essay - 2460 Words

Abraham and Sarah The story of Abraham and Sarah is an important one, especially because Abraham is the father (and Sarah the mother) of the Israelite nation. When looked at from a broad point of view, this story of an ancient family and their relationship with God becomes a parable which teaches others to put their trust in God and provides examples of how to live a righteous life in the eyes of this God. When looked at from a narrower point of view, one can examine the motivations and personalities of the individuals this story focuses on. Abraham is born blessed because he is the ancestor of Shem and Sarah shares in this blessing because she is his wife. However, Abraham receives an even greater blessing from God, after the death of†¦show more content†¦Abraham shows his thoughtfulness of others again when God tells him of his plans to destroy Sodom and Gomorrah, Abraham barters with God in an attempt to save the lives of the people living there. These events and Abrahamà ¢â‚¬â„¢s reactions to them show what a considerate person Abraham was which also helps to solidify his worthiness as the ancestor of God’s chosen people. Though Abraham demonstrates an exceptional amount of faith in God, it is not unwavering, however, this occasional lack of faith helps to expand on his character. Twice in his travels, Abraham asks Sarah to pretend to be his sister because he is fearful that he will be killed so that she may be taken as a bride, even though God reminds Abraham that he is safe from harm after the first instance. These events help to remind readers of Abraham’s humanity, he faces normal challenges for someone with his lifestyle including â€Å"the vulnerability of the nomad to the whims of nature on the one hand, and, on the other, his desperate need for the foodstuffs of the settled culture with the implied powerlessness which goes with such dependency.† (White 178-179) When looked at from this perspective, Abraham’s lapse s in faith become reasonable, but the choice of the author to include these instances can be explained further. When Adam and Eve ate the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and evil, theyShow MoreRelatedGenesis 18 Essay1371 Words   |  6 PagesGenesis 18 is the story of Abraham and his three mysterious visitors. This one of the many complicated text in the Bible. Many faiths and researchers have different interpretations of this passage. However, the question, which we must ask, is; what are the scriptures in Genesis 18 trying to say? 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Abraham eagerly welcomes them in, â€Å"[running] from the tent entrance to meet them, and bow[ing] down to the ground† in front of them (Genesis 18:2). Urgency is a sign of importance, so Abraham’s great rush to throw himself at his guests’ feet while they are still a way off from his house shows hospitality’s importance. Abraham greets his guests, implicitlyRead More Bible - Role Of Abraham Essay1579 Words   |  7 Pages Hebrew Bible Paper - Abraham nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Abraham stands as one of the most important figures in the Hebrew Bible, and is central to the understanding of Godamp;#8217;s solution to the problem of mankind. Man, the mysterious creature that God wraught as a semi-experiment, is constantly prone to believe he is self-sufficient and capable of survival without God, the central problem God must deal with in the Hebrew Bible. 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The Poem Italy As School Boys Sam And Antonello Learned...

In Italy as school boys Sam and Antonello learned a poem a week. They could recite those poems word for word. But they were simple poems about animals and naughty children, about trees and rivers. Slav’s poems were long and complex, often they didn’t understand them but Slav’s voice reading the words was mesmerising and so they listened. From these poems, Antonello captured and stored images, be they migrating birds or the five cities as teeming sores, as parasites, they came back to him often when he was sketching, they forced him to look closer, to look from another angle. Some of these sketches, inspired by the poems Slav read to him were wonderous, unexpected, in them there were details that Antonello didn’t know he had seen. All three of them were happy to be working on the bridge, it was a big job but that gave them some security. At least for a couple of years they’d have ongoing work. And it was an essential project, everyone said so. But there were regular industrial disputes. The English companies did not understand the Australian unions, and there seemed to be a never ending inventory of problems, frequent demarcation disputes, and fuck ups. Many of the workers paid membership in more than one union to make sure they could complete whole tasks but occasionally a worker or a team was asked to do something that was not part of their job, when they objected the managers would insist, and at a moment’s notice the men had downed tools and marched off the site. The

Positive Psychology and Kindness Free Essays

Assessment 1 – Personal Reflection and Sharing / Celebrating with others Happy people become happier through kindness intervention. The relationship between the character strength of kindness and subjective happiness, and the effects of a counting kindnesses intervention on subjective happiness Happy people to perform on their motivation, recognition and enactment of kind behaviors. They have more happy memories in daily life in terms of both quantity and quality. We will write a custom essay sample on Positive Psychology and Kindness or any similar topic only for you Order Now Subjective happiness was increased simply by counting one’s own acts of kindness for one week. Happy people became more kind and grateful through the counting kindnesses intervention. Compared with less happy people, happy people have better social relationships and more pleasant everyday lives. For example, very happy people have highly satisfying relationships with friends, romantic partners, and family members and that, compared to their less happy peers, they report more positive events and emotions in their daily lives relative to negative ones. Happy people are more extraverted, more agreeable, and less neurotic. Some studies have shown that subjective happiness is one of the key factors in subjective well-being and overall satisfaction with life. Therefore I expected that in addition to the strength of gratitude, the strength of kindness would also play an important role in increasing subjective happiness. Gratitude is an important human strengths that contributes to subjective happiness, especially appreciative of the contribution of others to their happiness. I suggest that grateful persons would further be characterized by the appreciation of life’s simple pleasures. These imply reciprocal relationships among gratitude, subjective happiness, and good social relationships. Consequently, compared with unhappy people, happy people report close and satisfying relationships and feel more gratitude in their lives. Gratitude when people receive kindness form other people, kindness entails enacting kind behavior toward other people. In personal mindset, how to act of kindness can be expressed in countless ways? A warm hello said to a stranger, giving money to those in need, allowing cars to merge into traffic†¦ all of these are acts of kindness. Kindness may be best expressed as a state of mind. With the holiday season over, and many of us feeling the effects of a far-reaching world disaster, understanding how kindness can help is very important. People you help can see the direct result of your actions, and people who witness your gestures can be touched by what you do. From giving money and time, to the way in which you communicate with friends, family, and co-workers, the ripple effect of kindness is far-reaching. It is easy to think that kindness is only a â€Å"one-way street†, but kindness can go both ways. Giving, in and of itself, can be a great reward, but how is the giver affected? The giver can be rewarded in many areas, both psychologically and physically. It would be impossible to list every way that kindness can be shown or given. Being attuned to situations where you can help almost becomes a â€Å"state of mind† or â€Å"attitude† that you can live by. Start by making a list of areas where you can help. This may include giving to a helping organization, such as a local homeless shelter, food-bank, or a national/ international organization. With the natural disaster in the Far East dominating what we see on the evening news, perhaps you could start by identifying national or international organizations that could use your financial donations. You can even look to your community for places that could use your donations or volunteer time, such as visiting patients in a nursing home or hospital ward. Or, for some of this writer’s favorites: start with the everyday little things that offer surprises and make people in your nearby community wonder what simple yet amazing acts of kindness are running amok and to get you started, I have listed some ideas below * Pay for the person’s order behind you in the drive-through line. * Make eye contact with the person who rings up your groceries and really look at them when you say, â€Å"Have a really great evening. Thank you†. * Compliment at least 2 people every day. * Contrast someone being well mannered and kind, with someone being rude. Send someone a hand written note of thanks * Buy a lottery or Charitable organizations ticket for a stranger. * Give a compliment about your waiter or waitress to his or her manager. * Stop and help someone replace their flat tyre on high-speed road. * Let someone jump the queue at the bank. * Let someone jump the wallets or valuables at the police office. * Treat a friend to the mo vies for no reason. * Give up your seat for someone, not just an elderly person and pregnancy women. * Talk to a homeless person and have a â€Å"normal† conversation. * Pick up some rubbish in the road which would otherwise be lying around. Compliment a work colleague for their excellence. * Tell all your family members how much your appreciate them. * Leave a copy of an interesting book on a train. * Buy an inspirational book for a friend. * Send a thank you note to a person who has helped you in the past. * Smile a lot. Kindness is contagious – and as part of Personal Socially Responsibility you might want to consider carrying out random acts of kindness on a daily basis. It is truly a win/win/win situation. The person you are being kind to benefits through your help. You feel good for having helped someone. And the world is a better place through your kindness. Never underestimate the impact of a single act of kindness. I still remember, after many years, the time someone stopped and helped me after my car had broken down in high-speed road. Since then, I have stopped on the road myself and helped stranded motorists a number of times. All because of that single act of kindness by a stranger. The implications of kindness are far reaching. Showing kindness even on a small level is a great start. Also, it is important to carry out your acts of kindness without expecting anything in return has its own rewards. 1013 words How to cite Positive Psychology and Kindness, Essay examples

Value Based Leadership free essay sample

The Mens Wearhouse, Inc. is one of the most thriving gentlemens department storehouse franchises in the U. S, that dominate the male tailor-made fashion field. It has achieved this by providing men with a relaxed environment to purchase high end style clothing at below chain store prices. To entice males, who especially loathe shopping, the depositories were positioned in chic centers close to consumers’ households and employment, eradicating the need to walk through huge shopping malls. Well-skilled, employees provide excellent advice, with fitters in every single store and customers have the luxury of getting their purchases tailored for the lifetime of the garment. The mixture of these features as well as hard-hitting broadcasting and TV marketing contributed to a regular increase in purchases and profits in an extremely shattered industry. The chain operates TV and broadcasting advertisements starring founder George Zimmer, and the often repetitive catchphrase, Youre going to like the way you look; I guarantee it. We will write a custom essay sample on Value Based Leadership or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Shared values, solidarity, and the philosophy of servant-leadership are the foundations upon which the business is created. That foundation, united with an entertaining and domestic like environment, makes the Mens Wearhouse a fantastic place to be employed. The business is also totally devoted to equivalent employment opportunities in values and as well as rules and procedures. This guarantee is a contract of non- inequity in all facets of work. The employee policies and procedures offer equal opportunities to all to apply without regard to ethnic groups, color, gender, origin, faith, veteran rank, age, orientation of sex, disabilities, or matrimonial status. Companys value-based leadership practices The Men’s Wearhouse retails clothing, however it is their staff that are the core of their company with their employee centered climate of culture. The standard is that there is no worthier path achievement than to produce and promote an atmosphere in which their individuals can develop, succeed, and prosper. Culturally the company is instituted on a primary set of values that include fostering originality, developing collectively, acknowledging faults and errors, encouraging a favorable and healthful standard of living, improving a sense of society, and determination in becoming self-sufficient individuals. The company believes that their remarkable achievement through the years is linked directly to fulfilling their core ethic and morals in addition to their influence in their pledges to staff, consumers, merchants, stockholders, and community. Opportunities for Promotion There are great opportunities for advancement team members at the Men’s Wearhouse. Even though there is more than five hundred plus stores currently, the company is constantly developing at the rate thirty retail stores per year. With this kind of growth, along with an assertive purchasing program, innovative opportunities are generating cross country or motivated staff, particularly since the Men’s Warehouse mainly promotes within the company. Their strategy of promoting internally is a significant factor of their company philosophy and has been an essential component in their remarkable accomplishment. They only prefer individuals in managerial standings that are fully acquainted with, and have completely incorporated, the servant-leader viewpoint. The brainchild of Robert Greenleaf, Servant Leadership is a contemporary concept of leadership that claims that the most successful managers are servants of their associates. Servant leaders acquire outcomes for their group by way of complete concentration to their subordinates and subordinates needs. Not like various methods to leadership, which suggest how senior managers can manipulate and encourage those furthest down the chain of command, servant leaders place its importance on teamwork, trust, compassion and beliefs. The manager has a duty to be a servant first, managing from an aspiration to serve others better and not to achieve additional control. The hypothesis is that if managers concentrate on the desires of their followers, the follower will respond through improved joint efforts, multifaceted engagement and enhanced accomplishments. Quality Training Programs A foundation stone of Men’s Wearhouse’s achievement is their pledge to encourage employee development throughout widespread and continuing education curricula. Their instruction seeks to accentuate individual and professional growth, worker empowerment, and developing quality relations with coworkers and consumers. They include a multidimensional method to preparation that comprises complete starting programs attached with a succession of ongoing -educational forums. The Men’s Wearhouse emphasizes honesty and service. Personnel, educated in consumer skills, are also handled like family, with everybody on a first-name origin, and nearly all were hired on a full time status. At company donates a fraction of pre-tax profits to charitable organizations, creating character for the business as being socially accountable. Merchants are also treated well, and the business has never withdrawn an order. Team guidance had always been a significant role of Mens Wearhouses approach, and all staff goes through a three diurnal Suit University course operated at the businesses administrative head office. The company wants all of their employees to feel that they are being treated equally beginning at their Suit University. It begins with an all expenses trip paid in full to northern California, where the employees are indoctrinated with the company philosophy. Other sessions include; marketing procedures, information on merchandise, in-house training summits, and social happenings. Staff is educated in how to select entire wardrobes for patrons, instead of just a pair of pants. Additionally in 1995, the business created an audiovisual in which a sales assistant directed the spectator on a directed journey of what is desired for a comprehensive company walk-in wardrobe. The audiovisual was dispersed to each retail store. Although executives could display it in the storehouse the business had a larger purpose: presenting free style shows at neighborhood businesses. Executives distributed copies of the video free of cost to human resource managers or other business acquaintances, with an accompanying mailing offering to hold a public fashion show for their male personnel, at the store or on site of another store. Lastly, the Mens Wearhouse was aggressively included in reutilizing and recycling, in the form of utilizing hemp manuscripts, and in maintaining environmental causes. The Mens Wearhouse has never relied upon large industry development but mainly on the businesses’s grander basics and growth projection.

Leadership and Administration in Education Essay Example

Leadership and Administration in Education Essay Example Leadership and Administration in Education Essay Leadership and Administration in Education Essay Leadership and Administration in Education Name: Course: Date: Leadership and Administration in Education Administrative Changes The financial administrator was taking a lot of time in processing students’ financial balances and the secretary was making major errors in her work. These and the continued poor performance of the school in district assessments prompted me to introduce some changes in the organization. The first change that I sought to implement was to introduce penalties for employees showing laxity in their duties. These rules, I reckoned, would ensure employees worked harder despite the fact that I faced major challenges in their implementation. There were various ethical, human relations and legal concerns relating to these new changes. Ethical Issues Ethics is an inherent attribute founded on the beliefs of a particular community (Starrat, 2003, p.144). Administering the penalties on errant members of staff was the responsibility of the human resources assistant. The school however refrained from handing stiff penalties and rather concentrated on an arbitration process. Arbitration for first time offenders had a general positive effect on the workers and they started posting a higher performance (Palestini, 2005). Arbitration also saved on the time that would have been incurred in managing the penalties handed out to offenders. Human Relations There was visible opposition from the workers during the initial stages of the program understandably due as the employees were afraid of the new rules. The reception of the changes was poor. Apparently, they could not accommodate the new system to its required specifications. It was a tough choice for the administration considering the good relationship it had with its workers. However, as time went by and through the arbitration process workers understood their responsibilities and avoided problems with the administration. Legal Issues Due to the new changes introduced, some workers had to be relieved of some duties and those duties handed to others. This change of job descriptions posed a potential legal hurdle to the institution. Possible areas of litigation would have been the potential loss of income for some of the employees (Begley Leonard, 2005). There is also a potential risk that embittered employees might file a suit against the institution, but we held talks with employees and made some salary reviews in line with the responsibility changes. These talks helped avert the legal hurdles posed by the changes in the system. References Begley, P. T., Leonard, P. E. (2005). The values of educational administration. London: Taylor Francis e-Library. Palestini, R. H. (2005). Educational administration: Leading with mind and heart. Lanham, Md: Rowman Littlefield Education. Starratt, R. J. (2003). Centering educational administration: Cultivating meaning, community, responsibility. Mahwah, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates. Educational Leaders and Change Leadership Roles Educational administrators have several roles to play in effecting change in an organization. Most administrators’ roles focus on decision-making, information processing and interpersonal contact (Hord, 1992). Second, they must be well skilled in management, show visionary leadership and have respect for their workers. In addition, such leaders must be proactive, risk taking and facilitators of internal communication and symphony (Mendez-Morse 1992). An administrative leader facilitates the organizational processes through his/her outstanding example. Administrator as an Entrepreneur An administrative entrepreneur endeavors to change an organization by identifying a problem and finding solutions to the problem. An educational administrator should act as an entrepreneur as he or she governs the organization to make positive strides as any successful business would. Entrepreneur administrators generate ideas that increase collaboration between employees and management. Entrepreneurs focus on the value of the product delivered to the market (Davies, 2005, p.152). They thus find new and efficient ways to boost the performance of the staff in order to provide quality services to the students. Administrator as an Organizer Organizer administrators carry out their duties in a structured, systematic way focusing on policy, process and people (Davies 2005). Organizing will entail enhancing processes to increase human relations and utilize the skills of his subordinates to their full potential. The administrative organizer seeks ways to improve organizational systems to increase co-ordination among workers. Creating a structured decision-making process that encompasses all organizational units. Organizers focus on efficient and standard organizational processes that have the potential of improving the overall output of the organization. Administrator as an Instructional Leader An effective leader has greater communication skills and values worker’s contributions in a bid to inspire individuals and effect change according to the goals of the institution (Mendez-Morse 1992). The administrator with instructional leadership endeavors to maintain a good relationship with his/her employees. Communication and instruction are of significant importance in maintaining good relationships with staff members. The instructional leader aspires to interact with employees in an understanding manner. Through instruction and understandable dialogue the administrator guides employees in understanding critical organizational issues and processes. References Davies, B. (2005). The essentials of school leadership. London: Paul Chapman Pub. Corwin Press. Hord, S. M. (1992). Facilitative Leadership: The Imperative for Change. Retrieved from sedl.org/change/facilitate/ Mendez-Morse, S. (1992). Leadership Characteristics that Facilitate School Change. Retrieved from sedl.org/change/leadership/welcome.html

Hawaiian Monk Seal Facts

Hawaiian Monk Seal Facts Most seals live in icy waters, but the Hawaiian monk seal makes its home in the warm Pacific Ocean around Hawaii. The Hawaiian monk seal is one of only two current monk seal species. The other current species is the Mediterranean monk seal, while the Caribbean monk seal was declared extinct in 2008. Native Hawaiians call the seal ilio-holo-i-ka-uaua, which means dog that runs in rough water. The monk seals scientific name, Neomonachus schauinslandi, honors German scientist Hugo Schauinsland, who discovered a monk seal skull on Laysan Island in 1899. Fast Facts: Hawaiian Monk Seal Scientific Name: Neomonachus schauinslandi  Common Names: Hawaiian monk seal, Ilio-holo-i-ka-uaua (dog that runs in rough water)Basic Animal Group: MammalSize: 7.0-7.5 feetWeight: 375-450 poundsLife Span: 25-30 yearsDiet: CarnivorousHabitat: Pacific Ocean around the Hawaiian IslandsPopulation: 1,400Conservation Status: Endangered Description The monk seal gets its common name for the short hairs on its head, which are said to resemble those of a stereotypical monk. It is earless and lacks the ability to turn its hind flippers under its body. The Hawaiian monk seal is distinguishable from the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) by its slender body, gray coat, and white belly. It also has black eyes and a short whiskered snout. Habitat and Distribution Hawaiian monk seals live in the Pacific Ocean around the Hawaiian Islands. Most of the breeding populations occur in the Northwest Hawaiian Islands, although monk seals are also found in the main Hawaiian Islands. The seals spend two-thirds of their time at sea. They haul-out to rest, molt, and give birth. Diet and Behavior The Hawaiian monk seal is a reef carnivore that preys on bony fish, spiny lobster, eels, octopus, squid, shrimp, and crabs. Juveniles hunt during the day, while adults hunt at night. Monk seals usually hunt in water ranging from 60-300 feet deep, but have been known to forage below 330 meters (1000 feet). Monk seals are hunted by tiger sharks, Galapagos sharks, and great white sharks. Reproduction and Offspring Hawaiian monk seals mate in the water between June and August. In some breeding colonies, there is a much higher number of males than females, so mobbing of females occurs. Mobbing can lead to injuries or death, further skewing the sex ratio. Gestation takes about nine months. The female monk seal gives birth on the beach to a single pup. While they are solitary animals, females have been known to care for pups born to other seals. Females stop eating during nursing and remain with the pups. At the end of six weeks, the mother leaves the pup and returns to the sea to hunt. Females reach maturity around age 4. Researchers are not certain of the age at which males become mature. Hawaiian monk seals can live 25 to 30 years. While nursing, a female seal stops eating and remains with her pup. Thessa Bugay / FOAP / Getty Images Threats Hawaiian monk seals face numerous threats. Natural threats include habitat reduction and degradation, climate change, skewed gender ratios, and low juvenile survival rates. Human hunting has resulted in extremely low genetic diversity within the species. Monk seals die from entanglement in debris and fishing gear. Introduced pathogens, including toxoplasmosis from domestic cats and leptospirosis from humans, have infected some seals. Even minimal human disturbance causes seals to avoid beaches. Overfishing has led to reduced prey abundance and increased competition from other apex predators. Conservation Status The Hawaiian monk seal is a conservation-reliant endangered species. This status indicates that human intervention is essential to the monk seals survival, even if its population becomes self-sustaining. According to the IUCN Red List, only 632 mature individuals were identified on the species last assessment in 2014. In 2016, there was an estimated total of 1,400 Hawaiian monk seals. Overall, the population is in decline, but the smaller population of seals living around the main Hawaiian islands is growing. Disturbing a Hawaiian monk seal is illegal. Violators face a hefty fine. Teresa Short / Getty Images The Recovery Plan for the Hawaiian Monk Seal aims to save the species by increasing awareness of the seals plight and intervening on its behalf. The plan includes increased monitoring of seal population, vaccination programs, dietary supplementation, protecting pups, and relocation of some animals to better habitats. Hawaiian Monk Seals and Humans In 2008, the monk seal was designated the state mammal of Hawaii. The animals sometimes haul-out onto beaches that may be frequented by tourists. This is normal behavior. Seal and other marine mammals are protected, so while it may be tempting to get close to take a picture, this is prohibited. Take photos from a safe distance and be sure to keep dogs far away from the seal. Sources Aguirre, A.; T. Keefe; J. Reif; L. Kashinsky; P. Yochem. Infectious disease monitoring of the endangered Hawaiian monk seal. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 43 (2): 229–241, 2007. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-43.2.229Gilmartin, W.G. Recovery plan for the Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1983.Kenyon, K.W. and D.W. Rice. Life History Of the Hawaiian Monk Seal. Pacific Science. 13, July, 1959.Perrin, William F.; Bernd Wursig; J. G. M. Thewissen. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. p. 741, 2008. ISBN 978-0-12-373553-9.  Schultz, J. K.; Baker J; Toonen R; Bowen B Extremely Low Genetic Diversity in the Endangered Hawaiian Monk Seal (Monachus schauinslandi). Journal of Heredity. 1. 100 (1): 25–33, 2009. doi:10.1093/jhered/esn077

Research Proposal (E-waste Dumping & The Rule of Law in the 'Computer Paper

Proposal (E-waste Dumping & The Rule of Law in the 'Computer Village' Lagos - Nigeria. Synergizing Enforcement Process - Research Paper Example It is not for nothing that people stay in one continent and make purchases of goods from other continents without personally meeting the seller. Again, it is not for nothing that someone sits in the comfort of his home in Lagos and watch live soccer matches from the Stanford Bridge in London. All these processes are made possible by the pivoting power of technology. Technology may therefore be generally regarded as a good thing and the growth of it thereof (Koduah, 2003). However, it becomes worrying when technology and for that matter, globalization will not grow through the right approach. It is very important to appreciate the fact that any phenomenon; including globalization and technological advancement may be regarded as good but if it is implemented through a poor approach, the real essence of the phenomenon becomes defeated. 1.2 Statement of the Problem According to the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, the recent economic meltdown will â€Å"widen global inequalit y and plunge more of the African population into poverty† (Trevor, 2009). ... This situation is descried as electronic waste dumping (Cal Recycle, 2005). E-waste is generally argued to be an unfair way that the Western world is trying to bridge the gap in technological advancement that exists in Nigeria. Due to this, there have been calls and concerns from International, regional and local institutional environmental laws that guarantee public right to habitual health for critical scrutiny into the issue of e-waste dumping in Lagos. 1.3 Research Aims 1. To explain from a theoretical perspective what electronic waste dumping means. 2. To critically assess how rule of law in Lagos promotes or opposes electronic waste dumping in Lagos. 3. To identify specific enforcement processes in International, regional and local institutional environmental laws that guarantee public right to habitual health that are being abused as a result of electronic waste dumping in Lagos. 4. To give the root causes of electronic waste dumping in Lagos and by extension, Africa. 5. To fo recast what the eventual effects of electronic waste dumping would be for Africa and Lagos to be specific if the practice is made to continue. 1.4 Research Questions 1. What is the history behind electronic waste dumping in Lagos? 2. What factors have promoted the continuous existence of electronic waste dumping in Lagos? 3. What is the position of rule of law in opposing or promoting the electronic waste dumping cycle in Lagos? 4. How can international, regional and local agencies be instrumental in addressing the issue of electronic waste dumping in Lagos? 5. Does the continuous practice of electronic waste dumping have any long term adverse effect on Africa? 1.5 Justification of the Research Problem The successful

What would be political theorist Niccolo Machiavelli's position about Term Paper

What would be political theorist Niccolo Machiavelli's position about the Second Amendment in the contemporary United States - Term Paper Example He was one of the officials in the Florence Republican and was given a post to deal with military and diplomatic affairs. He was one of the most influential philosophers of the western politics. All other political theorist who came after him referred to him directly of indirectly in his or her work. His writings, like The Prince and The Discourses of the First Ten books of Titus Livius, are well remembered by many authors and politicians who came after him (Soll, 34). Through his creativity in politics, therefore it was possible to predict what he would have said on the second amendment on the United States’ constitution. This amendment was adopted in 1791 together with bill of rights. This amendment was to protect the United States citizens with the right of keeping and bearing firearms. However, Noccolo Machiavelli would have different opinions on this right to keep and bear arms. Machiavelli would support it and on the other hand, he would deny the rights giving different reasons. The second amendment grants the United States citizens to keep and bear firearms (Spitzer, 23). This right was given due to many reasons. Possession of the firearms was important in the following ways, it helps to repel dangerous invasions, grants one the right of personal defense, and it enables people in organizing militias. Machiavelli would have supported this amendment because in his writing, he said that before anything else, each person must be armed. He advised that military service should a responsibility to every citizen. Therefore, every citizen should have a possession of some firearms to ensure that the society is secured from any invasion. He supported possession of arms giving reasons that good men do not make war the only profession neither can a good government can allow its citizens to make war the only profession (Soll, 37). He advised that each government should practice the art on war during the time of peace but war should occur when it is necessary to acquire glory. He believed that every citizen is considered a good man when he uses those arms in a correct way that is meant for. In addition, a government is considered well government when it uses its military to serve that society in a wrong way. Therefore, he would support the second amendment of the constitution. Furthermore, Machiavelli would support the second amendment of the United States’ constitution, which grants citizens the right of possessing firearms by claiming that this right would show that the government thrusts its citizens. Failure to grant the citizens this right, it will show that the government lacks faith to the citizens. This would make the citizens hate the government. However, the citizens should not be disarmed to ensure that the relationship between them and the government is kept in touch. This shows that Machiavelli would support the second amendment of United States constitution. There are some reasons that would make Machiavelli oppose the second amendment of the United States constitution. As the constitution would give rights to the citizens to keep and bear firearms, Machiavelli will oppose it just in case the citizens will use the firearms in a wrong way. He would oppose it is saying that only good citizens would use the firearms during the necessary times to prevent invasion from other people. Those who will not follow this should be dealt accordingly. He said that not all people do good things all the time. This is because their minds change like tides and at times, they can cause arm without realizing what they are doing. Therefore, keeping and bearing of firearms should be abolished since it will cause a lot of harm if the citizens use them in a bad way. He would argue this idea that not everyone

Philosophy of Mind, Body and Soul

Philosophy of Mind, Body and Soul Soul, mind and body are three important and core subjects under study when discussing the philosophy of human beings. The understanding of the relationship between soul and body has always been a source of concern among philosophers. The existence of soul and justifying mind as a separate entity from brain is never completely understood. The relationship of mind with the body i.e. how the mind controls the body and how changes in the body affect the mind is always been a main issue in studying philosophy of mind. Mind philosophy is a complex subject. Some of the functions of the mind work independently from body. But others do work in collaboration with the body. Philosophers have accomplished variety of studies to understand the actual role and existence of mind that includes if mind is a physical or non-physical matter, if its the part of the body or the soul? And other issues like that. Dualism gives a good explanation of all these problems. Though there are objections to it. But it does address all issues of independent working of mind and body. Human nature is in turn a complex subject and it is difficult to grasp full knowledge of philosophical explanations of human beings Descartes used to believe that mind interacts with the brain. Though he used to consider mind as spiritual and immaterial and brain as spatial. This paper discusses why human nature and human being have problematic philosophical explanations and how mind-body relationship makes it complex and difficult to understand. The philosophy of mind gives a contemporary view of the entity mind or soul. The contemporary views do accept soul as an independent existent. The main concern of the contemporary approach is also to understand the relationship between the physical working of brain and states of mind. My theoretical outlook for the problem stated would be dualism. According to which mind is a non-physical entity and it can exist separately from the body. In this essay firstly I will explain the phenomenal features of human experience which differentiate them with other living things. The power of intelligence and consciousness produces such features. Then in the light of theories and philosophies presented by renowned philosophers such as Aristotle and Descartes, I will analyze these phenomenal features in the context of soul-body relationship. After this, a brief explanation of the concept of dualism will be presented which will serve as a theoretical outlook for this paper in discussion ahead. With the help of dualism I will explain these features. Then, there will be a brief explanation of a major objection to the concept of dualism and that is how mind and body communicate with each other? I will try to justify my response over this objection in the next part. Then I will conclude the paper having all important points. There are some features of human beings which differentiate them from other living things. With the thinking power, use of intelligence and intellect and consciousness has give human beings the power to rule the world. These phenomenal features are the most important characteristics of human mind. Its charismatic that how human mind is capable of producing all these emotions with exceptional brilliance. I will explain some of these phenomenal features. Reason is one of the phenomenal features of human being through which. With the help of this a person can draw results from the given data or observations and can make hypothesis and assumptions. Moreover, one can support its argument through reasoning. Reflection is a process depending upon thinking; augmenting and analyzing one own self. Its more of spiritual phenomena where one examines ones own conduct, feelings and actions. Emotion means the mood, feel, temperament, attitude, state of mind and heart over certain action or happening. It mostly is a part of ones personality. Motivation is a very important part of emotion. Abstraction (as discussed in the course) is a thought process which includes ideas on a general level. More general and common features or details are put together and specific details and features are left out. It involves a process of classification. Faith is one of the very strong phenomenal feature of human being. It requires a process of events and mental activity and thought process to finally able to develop faith over a certain phenomena or understanding. Socrates believed in transcendentalism and he believed that each human being is like a spark of the over soul. He also thinks that soul will be separated by the body just in case of death and it is kind of a form. Faith was the head start of the discussion of our course. Understanding and wondering which reasons and miracles had made us believe in God? The example of two places which had a bridge in between them is great in emphasizing faith. A person will cross even an unbalanced bridge if he has faith in his constructor, but he will never cross the bridge if its perfectly fine and has no belied a faith in its constructor. So we see that courage is the outcome of faith. And faith is achieved by different reasons. In fact every human being has his own reasons for faith. Th e idea of Skinner on PFHE is hopeless; it is not deliberately true that we do everything by aiming at some benefit. Its not verified in every case. We see that naturalism has been derived from metaphysical realism. Moral valuation is a study of approach, direction and way in which or through which human beings believe and develop some kind of values or beliefs. Human beings does compare things and make a choice, this behavior is valuation. The techniques to inquire investigate and acquire new aspects, information and knowledge by gathering observations, collecting evidences, making hypothesis and then proving certain hypothesis is called scientific inquiry. The emotion, urge of human being to explore, investigate, inquire and learn more about a certain thing is called curiosity. Its the driving force of advancement in science and technology. Many philosophers explained unique features of human beings through different concepts and tried to develop a connection between these features and working of the body. Aquinas used the natural theology; I still recall the long debate on natural and revealed theology. But I think Aquinas was true to some extent on proving the existence of God by the means of the natural processes and nature itself. The First Mover theory can be taken into account too. While if we see St. Thomas we will come to know that being a Christian he declined Aristotle points of views. He thought that God is actually a cause for all the natural things that had happened. Aristotle gave the philosophy of Hylomorphism, according to which soul is something which makes a body alive. Soul is a set of properties; a form.such as glass is the form of water in it. According to Aristotle soul is related to body as a form of matter. So whatever phenomenal features of human being are that are the characteristic of body because soul is the part of the body which is accomplishing all these phenomenal features. Aristotle explained the unity of soul and body, both needs each other to work. Descartes gave the philosophy of dualism, according to which mind is a separate existence from brain and is a non-physical entity. All these phenomenal features are part of mind. He was first to identify mind with consciousness, awareness and intelligence. According to him brain is a material substance which is a part of body but mind exists separately from the body. The mind according to Descartes was a non-material entity. And he considered body as an extended and non-thinking thing. He argued that mind can exist apart from its extended body. And therefore mind is not a part of the body, its a different substance. Because the essence of mind is in the power of thinking. the actual idea behind his philosophy is that mind and body can interact. He argued that only humans have minds. Animals do not have minds. They lack the feature of self-consciousness. Living things can have three grades of sensation: physical, conscious, self-conscious. According to Descartes animals and human have only first sensation in common and that is physical. For example if an animal has felt a sensation e.g., the only possible reactions would be physical like dancing, screaming etc. But they will not consciously feel anything because they lack understanding of mind. Jean- Paul Sartre presented the philosophy of Existentialism. According to this philosophy an individual is responsible for its existence and for the standard/quality of life he is living. Sartre did justice with his opinion about the individuality of human beings. Sartres example of animal and plant was the most amazing of all. He distinguishes animals and plants from human beings by saying them unconscious and more mechanically operated things. It supports the phenomena of Atheism. This philosophy justifies that human being is responsible for its own actions despite of the obstacles in life. Now, I will explain the phenomenal features of human beings in the light of dualism. Dualism is an approach which basic idea resides upon the fact that mind is a non-physical matter i.e. it is not a part of the brain. It is non-physical. Many philosophers worked on dualism but a more famous version of dualism was given by Rene Descartes who maintained that mind is a non-physical thing. According to this mind is not a part of brain. According to Descartes mind is a thinking thing. We can take the example of container to elaborate it. Consider human being as a container which has body and brain in it along with a SEPARATE non-physical mind. Mind thinks, hopes, believes and have the consciousness and intelligence to deal with situations. Moreover Descartes argued that mind is a separate non-physical entity which can exist without the body. Phenomenal features of human beings can be well explained through Dualism. All the phenomenal features explained above are states of mind which are attributes of a non-physical matter. A physical matter cannot think, reason, and argue. These feelings of curiosity, believes, enquiring, emotion and reflection are the products of mind. Mind is the force which pushes the body to work to learn more about a certain thing. For example a person read something, it always has some effects on his/her mind. Mind will ponder about that subject and ideas are built through it, which as a result produces curiosity to learn more. And scientific inquiry takes place to reach to a certain solution. And the mind develops values and believes on the basis of the observations and results around it. And all these features of human being which are related to awareness, consciousness and intelligence are the products of mind. Mind is the one producing and operating them. If dualism is not true then mind is only the physical brain. Then in this situation we cannot think of a material substance to possess the qualities of consciousness which is the central ingredient for possessing phenomenal features. We cannot then expect features like consciousness, emotions, curiosity, sensations, desires, beliefs etc. So there has to be something which is responsible for these behaviors, and that is mind which is not material and which is a non-physical substance. Interactionism is a view of dualists, which can explain well these phenomenal features which occur as an interaction of mind and body. Thomas is said to be the symbolic founder of interactionism. Thomas thought that people were not exclusively controlled by the socialism and social pressures. Mental states always have this link with physical states. When we see something, we use our eyes and eyes send message to mind which invokes some kind of emotion, action or feeling. If a person has got an injury, he will feel pain and he will cry for help. And if somebody hears him, he will experience an emotion to reach for help. So the process continues with the series of interactions. And we can see the example of a sailor and a ship. The sailor can feel the bruise he has on his hands but he cant actually feel the pain when the ship is damaged or broken. There is also some objection for this school of philosophy. One of the major objections is casual interaction. A major objection to this view is that how mind interacts with the body i.e. how physical states interact or send a message to mental states and vice versa. If mind is a non-physical matter then how it is interacting with a physical matter. There is no explanation to this. When a person is injured, how the message is transferred toward mind which as a results cause the state of pain. When mind is not a part of body then how this communication is working? Obviously, we assume there will be a series of events which will finally let this pain feeling happen. There will be nerves playing around sending the message finally to the brain. But then how brain (a physical matter) will send or transfer this message to mind (a non-physical matter). That is a very big question mark? Descartes himself did not have a proper answer to this problem. His meditations which we have elaborately studied in this course have revealed to us many of his point of views. He says that we can doubt all the things and he considers mind as indivisible and body as divisible. He was of the view that this interaction of soul and body or mind and body is through PINEAL GLAND, which is a gland in human brain. He says how the idea of a ruling absolute power exists in our minds? Thus he says that we distinctly perceive. All he was trying to do was to prove the immortality of the soul. He maintained that casual interaction is taking place through pineal gland. But this is not a very good explanation. Again the problem is same, how a non-material mind is interacting with pineal gland (which obviously is a physical matter). Some of Descartes students, ef Arnold Geulincx adopted a different frame of mind for this problem. And I find that solution very satisfactory. According to Arnold that a ll these mind-body interactions are a result of direct intervention of God. So, when God wants, these interactions happen otherwise not. These interactions are not because of a certain mechanism or through some medium; they happen and occur when there is Gods will. Only God knows how it works, he is responsible for this stimulation. Human body and human nature is a very complex subject. The human nature cannot be understood easily. There are phenomenal features of human beings which differs them from other living things and those phenomenal features have convinced us that there is something non-physical in human body which is responsible for these phenomenal features. Dualism answers some of such questions and consider mind a non-physical entity responsible for such features and it is a separate entity from brain. But a major objection to dualism is that how mind interacts with the body? What is the medium of communication between a physical and non-physical matter? And a satisfactory answer would be that God is above all. The interaction between mind and body is dependent on God. And may be only he knows and he is responsible for such bizarre communication.

Pablo Picasso’s Life, Works and Contributions to Art Essay

Art allows us to look at the world from a different and unique perspective; all of us interpret artwork differently. It is a great way for people to express feelings, ideas, concepts and ideologies, and for some, it helps us express whatever cannot simply be defined by words. Art gives you freedom to explore things in a different way, and preserve your thoughts on the canvas for everyone else to see. When we look at artwork that portrays a universal idea, we feel a sense of unity with others who perceive the artwork in the same way because it tells us we are not alone in the way we think. Great pieces of artwork are so brilliant that they can bring us to a new world, change our way of looking at things and distance us from the commonalities of everyday life. It makes us feel rejuvenated and you can even lose yourself in its beauty! Studying and admiring artwork also develops our critical thinking skills. One of the greatest artists who ever lived is Pablo Picasso. He had contributed so much in the name of art. He had demonstrated extraordinary artistic talent in his early years while painting in a realistic manner through his childhood and adolescence. During the first decade of the 20th century, his style changed as he experimented with different theories, techniques, and ideas. His revolutionary artistic accomplishments brought him universal renowned and immense fortune, making him one of the best figures in 20th century art. Let us then venture into the astonishing life, works and contributions to arts of Pablo Picasso. Biography, Works, and Art Contributions of Pablo Picasso Picasso was born in October 25, 1881 in the city of Mà ¡laga, Spain. He was baptized Pablo Diego Josà © Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno Marà ­a de los Remedios Crispiniano de la Santà ­sima Trinidad by his parents, Don Josà © Ruiz y Blasco and Marà ­a Picasso y Là ³pez. Picasso showed a passion and a skill for drawing from an early age. From the age of seven, Picasso received formal artistic training from his father in figure drawing and oil painting. Even Picasso’s earliest drawings executed when he was about 10 years old, showed an exceptional technical facility. When the family moved to Barcelona in October 1895, Picasso attended La Lonja, the school of fine hearts there and the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando in Madrid. In October 1900 he made the first of three visits to Paris, where he established himself finally in April 1904. During the intensely creative years 1899-1901, Picasso’s style varied considerably. At the start, he used strong colors in a Postimpressionist manner. Then he painted predominantly in blue, his so called Blue Period of late 1901-1904. Until Mid 1901 his principal subjects were lively scenes of popular and bourgeois life (cabarets, racecourses, dance halls, etc.) Toward the end of 1901, however, Picasso’s world became that of the suffering victims of society: prostitutes, beggars, drunkards, etc. In 1904, his gloom lifted and he looked freshly at humanity with tenderness and admiration and adopted warmer colors and a more harmonious, classical style of draftsmanship. During this Rose Period, his favorite subjects were dancers and acrobats. Between the end of 1906 and the spring of 1907, while influenced by the painting of Paul Cezanne, Picasso produced a painting called â€Å"Les Demoiselles d’Avignon† that constitutes a violent break with tradition. This painting pointed the way toward Cubism, a new pictorial style that Picasso and his friend Braque began to develop side by side and in close friendship. They disregarded the conventional means used for creating illusions of reality such as one point perspective, chiaroscuro, and the definition of form and color by light, aiming instead to represent objects more conceptually by breaking them into geometrical units, or small cubes, and by depicting a single object on the same canvass from a multiplicity of angles. Picasso was to continue elaborating and perfecting this style until about 1925. Simultaneously, from about 1915 onward, he began to work in the opposite direction, depicting figures of a subtly detached classicism- linear, sculptural, and monument al. After 1925 Picasso began to depict emotionally-charged bodies and heads whose dislocations give rice to double images and pictorial metaphors. A private Surrealist vocabulary of powerful symbols (e.g., the Minotaur) Emerged in the 1930’s to express his personal dilemmas and stress. Picasso’s interest in the sculpture, dormant since 1905, revived at this time. The outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 inspired the great and harrowing mural painting â€Å"Guernica† (1937), the first reference of his work to political events. In 1944 Picasso joined the Communist Party, and in 1949 his â€Å"Dove† lithograph was adopted as the symbol of the World Peace Congress. In the pos-war years much of Picasso’s work centered on the themes of wars of peace and man’s right to leisure and peaceful relaxation. After 1955, the theme of the artist and his magic powers assumed great importance in his work. Picasso’s powerful inventive gifts led him to work in many fields. He produced (1917-1924) some famous decors for Sergey Diaghilev’s Russian ballet company. He also made significant technical innovations in lithography and linocutting and produced a great quantity of painted pottery. Pablo Picasso died on April 8, 1973 at age 91in Mougins, France, while he and his wife Jacqueline entertained friends for dinner. Cubism Cubism is modern art made up mostly of paintings. The paintings are not supposed to look real The artist uses geometric shapes to show what he is trying to paint. Early cubists used mainly grays, browns, greens, and yellows. After 1914, Cubists started to use brighter colors. Cubism was the beginning of the Abstract and Non-objective art styles. Expressionism In Expressionist Art, the artist tries to express certain feelings about something. The artists that painted in this style were more concerned with having their paintings express a feeling than in making the painting look exactly like what they were painting. Surrealism Surrealist paintings were generally based on dreams. Their paintings were filled with familiar objects which were painted to look strange or mysterious. They hoped their odd paintings would make people look at things in a different way and change the way they felt about things. They thought that their paintings might stir up feelings in the back of people’s minds. Naturalism Naturalism is a type of art that shows things exactly as they appear in life. It began in the 18th century, but the greatest Naturalist era was in the mid-19th century. Most Realists were from France, but there were some famous American painters who were Realists also. The Old Guitarist The Old Guitarist is an oil painting by Pablo Picasso created in 1903. It depicts an old, blind, haggard man with threadbare clothing weakly hunched over his guitar, playing in the streets of Barcelona, Spain. It is currently on display in the Art Institute of Chicago. Three Musicians Three Musicians is the title of two similar collage and oil paintings by Spanish artist Pablo Picasso. They were both completed in 1921 in Fontainebleau near Paris, France, and exemplify the Synthetic Cubist style. Each painting features a Harlequin, a Pierrot, and a monk, who are generally believed to represent Picasso, Guillaume Apollinaire, and Max Jacob, respectively. Guernica It was created in response to the bombing of Guernica, Basque Country, by German and Italian warplanes at the behest of the Spanish Nationalist forces, on 26 April 1937, during the Spanish Civil War. Guernica shows the tragedies of war and the suffering it inflicts upon individuals, particularly innocent civilians. This work has gained a monumental status, becoming a perpetual reminder of the tragedies of war, an anti-war symbol, and an embodiment of peace. On completion Guernica was displayed around the world in a brief tour, becoming famous and widely acclaimed. This tour helped bring the Spanish Civil War to the world’s attention. CONCLUSION Pablo Picasso who’s considered to be the most famous artist in the 20th century inspires many people through his paintings in which he express his feelings, affections and ideals. He is widely known for co-founding the Cubist movement, the invention of constructed sculpture, the co-invention of collage, and for the wide variety of styles that he helped develop and explore. Picasso’s work was inspired by what was happening around him from his gloomy Blue Period to the uplifting Rose Period. He interprets art in his own way, adding his own unique flavor to his interpretation. Picasso was exceptionally prolific throughout his long lifetime. The total number of artworks he produced has been estimated at 50,000, comprising 1,885 paintings; 1,228 sculptures; 2,880 ceramics, roughly 12,000 drawings, many thousands of prints, and numerous tapestries and rugs. Picasso tells us that art itself requires no explanation, â€Å"Everyone wants to understand art. Why don’t we try to understand the song of a bird? Why do we love the night, the flowers, everything around us, without trying to understand them? But in the case of painting, people think they have to understand. If only they would realize above all that an artist works of necessity, that he himself is only an insignificant part of the world, and that no more importance should be attached to him than to plenty of other things which please us in the world though we can’t explain them; people who try to explain pictures are usually barking up the wrong tree.† We admire art, yet we may never know why. It is captivating because of its mysterious allure. Like a little girl playing hide and seek with her boisterous brothers, art refuses to give in to definition, to reason, to restraint or to direction. Art gives us the roads, yet not the map. As the bewitching seductress toys with us, her subjects, we follow her blindly and blissfully into the unknown. BIBLIOGRAPHY Nill, R.M. (1987). A Visual Guide to Pablo Picasso’s Works. New York: B&H Publishers. FitzGerald, M. C. (1996). Making modernism: Picasso and the creation of the market for twentieth-century art. Berkeley: University of California Press. Goetz, P.W. (2007) Pablo Picasso. In The new encyclopedia Britannica 15th ed. (vol. 9, p. 421). USA: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. Naturalism. (2012). In Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Retrieved July 7, 2012 from Britannica Website: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/406427/naturalism Amber, S. (2009). Three nude paintings. Journal of Art History, 4(6), 23-26. Caniete, R.R. (2012, February 20). Cubist master Sym Mendoza masters the heart’s desire. Philippine Daily Inquirer. pC3

Persuasive Techniques Used in Poetry Essay - 2193 Words

Persuasive Techniques Used in Poetry Compare the persuasive techniques used in the poems. Say which poems you feel are the most effective and Why? Persuading poets have been writing poems on love, lust and nature since the beginning of time. The 7 poems that are analysed here range from the 16th-19th centuries. These poems are all written by men arguing and persuading the effects of love. In â€Å"To virgins†, it appears that Robert Herrick uses small amounts of natural imagery to persuade virgins and to stress the fast passing of time. He begins with a time threatening statement urging the virgins to †gather ye rosebuds while ye may† he then adds â€Å"This same flower that smiled today tomorrow will be dying†. These†¦show more content†¦He ends the fourth stanza with a negative mood by using â€Å"you may forever tarry†. This phrase means that for the rest of your life you will suffer with loneliness if you don’t follow his commands. Herrick’s poem is in an ordered structure and has an alternate rhyming rhythm that makes the poem more commanding. The lack of imagery in this poem gives it a more uneasy and blunt mood. The pace of the rhythm in this poem is quick which links in with the expressing of fast time and adds to the effect of a threatening poem. This poem suggests to me that maybe he is desperate so he uses the persuasion accordingly. This poem compares well to â€Å"Of Beauty† by Richard Fanshawe because both of the poems are in an ordering mood and have a positive and negative part of the stanza’s. It also compares well to† To his coy mistress† by Andrew Marvell. Both of the poems are arguing that time is running out so let me love you now while we have the time. They both use a lot of time statements such as ‘long loves day’, nearer he’s to setting’ and ‘ten years before’. The second poem, â€Å"Of Beauty† by Richard Fanshawe, is a short, one stanza poem. It uses personification during the middle of the stanza. â€Å"Earth her winter coat may cast, and renew her beauty past†. These uses of personification are to state that winter is a person and her beauty runs out so and so will yours. Earth her winter coat may cast†. The imagery that is used in Of Beauty isShow MoreRelatedA Literary Analysis On The Shall I Compare Thee? Essay784 Words   |  4 PagesXVIII) by William Shakespeare and the â€Å"To his Coy Mistress† Poem by Andrew Marvell This article compares the poems â€Å"Shall I Compare Thee?† (Sonnet XVIII) with â€Å"To his Coy Mistress† and examines the purposes of the poems and their implemented poetry techniques to convey their poets ideas. On first look it seems both poems are sharing the common ideas of â€Å"Love† but by analyzing the poems, it becomes clear that the purposes of the two poems are not similar. 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The objective of literary texts is to teach the readers a life lesson with the development and growth of the main character asRead More Latin Literature In History Essay1193 Words   |  5 Pagesdaily life following Rome’s imperialization, identical persuasive technique began to show itself in Roman literature. But Greek themes were just a backbone in Roman literature, and as time, progressed, Rome established a unique literary style, which, alongside Greek Literature, had a profound influence on the future History of Europe. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; One important early innovator is Quintus Ennius. Called the father of Latin poetry, he wrote a number of comedies in Latin as well. In addition